Achievement motivation and knowledge development during exploratory learning

“…are higher inmastery orientation, the present research can provide additional insight into the ongoing debate about the relative advantages and disadvantages of exploratory learning and direct instruction (cf. Alfieri, Brooks, Aldrich, & Tenenbaum, 2011; Kirschner et al., 2006; Tobias, 2009).”

“Prior work suggests that exploration before instruction primarily benefits conceptual knowledge, but is mistake-prone and initially more confusing than solving problems after instruction (Kapur, 2012; Kapur & Bielaczyc, 2012, Schwartz et al., 2009; cf. Alfieri et al., 2011; Kirschner et al., 2006).”

“…lists available at ScienceDirect Learning and Individual Differences j ourna l homepage: www.e lsev ie r .com/ locate / l ind i f 2010, 2012; Kapur & Bielaczyc, 2012; Schwartz & Bransford, 1998; Schwartz & Martin, 2004; Schwartz et al., 2011; Taylor, Smith, van Stolk, & Spiegelman, 2010).”

“Experiments conducted in the classroom (e.g., Heyman, Dweck, & Cain, 1992; Kamins & Dweck, 1999) have demonstrated that children (ages 5–6 years) who were given either person criticism—or praise—had higher levels of self-blame (reporting that they were not a “good,” “smart,” or “nice” girl/boy),…”

“All coded comparisons with subgroup categories and implementation-level details for PS-I and I-PS can be found in the online supplementary materials.”