CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 79Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative StressNitric Oxide and Endothelin EffectsParaoxonase enzyme and polymorphisms

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women: Relationship to lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress

Castelao, J. Esteban, Gago-Dominguez, Manuela·2008·Medical Hypotheses
DOI 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.10.016
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Many risk factors that promote cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been identified. These include hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, decreased estrogen in post-menopausal women, increased homocysteine, and cigarette smoking. It has recently become clear that a mechanism common to these risk factors is oxidative stress. CVD risk factors specific to women are parity, oophorectomy, pre-eclampsia, and menopause. There are several proposed mechanisms to explain these women-specific associations, such as reduced lifetime exposure to estrogen and insulin resistance, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. One fact that did not receive much attention is the role of the oxidation hypothesis in these reproductive factors-CVD associations. In fact, pregnant, oophorectomized, and post-menopausal women exhibit higher levels of lipid peroxidation than non-pregnant, non-oophorectomized and pre-menopausal women, respectively. We propose that the increased levels of lipid peroxidation during these states are responsible, at least in part, for their increased risk of CVD. This review extends the concept of the oxidation hypothesis of CVD to reproductive risk factors in women. It also addresses the potential role of oxidative stress in the hyperthyroidism-CVD relationship, as hyperthyroidism is a common disorder that most frequently occurs in women. We also discuss how screening human populations for reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels could help identify groups with a high level of ROS that may be at risk of developing CVD.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.10.016

Cites

79 of 79 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The oxidation hypothesis may partly explain the association between reproductive risk factors, including endometriosis and increased CVD risk.

    “Fourth, the oxidation hypothesis may partly explain the association between reproductive risk factors, including endometriosis and increased CVD risk. 40”

    From Risk of cardiovascular outcomes among women with endometriosis in the United Kingdom: a retrospective matched cohort study (2021) · cites this paper as [40]

  • The oxidation hypothesis explains that low-density lipoprotein is not atherogenic on its own; for atherosclerosis to occur, reactive oxygen species must oxidise low-density lipoproteins leading to cell formation, a dysfunctional endothelium and finally atherogenesis.

    “The hypothesis explains that low-density lipoprotein is not atherogenic on its own; for atherosclerosis to occur, reactive oxygen species must oxidise low-density lipoproteins leading to cell formation, a dysfunctional endothelium and finally atherogenesis.”

    From Risk of cardiovascular outcomes among women with endometriosis in the United Kingdom: a retrospective matched cohort study (2021) · cites this paper as [40]

  • A recent UK study showed that 94% of patients with a diagnosis for endometriosis in UK primary care had at least one diagnostic procedure performed, including ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, laparoscopy and histology, before diagnosis.

    “First, a recent UK study showed that 94% of patients with a diagnosis for endometriosis in UK primary care had at least one diagnostic procedure performed, including ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, laparoscopy and histology, before diagnosis. 40”

    From Risk of cardiovascular outcomes among women with endometriosis in the United Kingdom: a retrospective matched cohort study (2021) · cites this paper as [40]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Castelao, J. E., & Gago-Dominguez, M.
Affiliations
University of Southern California (US)
Corresponding author
Castelao, J. Esteban
ORCID
Castelao, J. Esteban
Venue
Medical Hypotheses
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2008-01
Volume
71
Issue
1
Pages
39-44
ISSN
0306-9877 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.mehy.2007.10.016
OpenAlex
W1977687854
Cited by
79
References
79
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
FWCI
5.65
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Medical Hypotheses (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Paraoxonase enzyme and polymorphisms
Keywords
cardiovascular risk factors, women, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, parity, oophorectomy, menopause, preeclampsia, estrogen, insulin resistance, hyperthyroidism, reactive oxygen species, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, homocysteine, smoking
MeSH terms
Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Hyperthyroidism, Menopause, Models, Cardiovascular, Ovariectomy, Parity, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular, Risk Factors, Lipid Peroxidation, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review