Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS)
Abstract
Background Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) is thought to have a role in prevention of atherosclerosis, through inhibition of oxidation of low-density lipoprotein. Some epidemiological studies have shown an association between high dietary intake or high serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and lower rates of ischaemic heart disease. We tested the hypothesis that treatment with a high dose of alpha-tocopherol would reduce subsequent risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiovascular death in patients with established ischaemic heart disease.Methods In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study with stratified randomisation, 2002 patients with angiographically proven coronary atherosclerosis were enrolled and followed up for a median of 510 days (range 3-981). 1035 patients were assigned alpha-tocopherol (capsules containing 800 IU daily for first 546 patients; 400 IU daily for remainder); 967 received identical placebo capsules. The primary endpoints were a combination of cardiovascular death and non-fatal MI as well as non-fatal MI alone.Findings Plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations (measured in subsets of patients) rose in the actively treated group (from baseline mean 34.2 micromol/L to 51.1 micromol/L with 400 IU daily and 64.5 micromol/L with 800 IU daily) but did not change in the placebo group. Alpha-tocopherol treatment significantly reduced the risk of the primary trial endpoint of cardiovascular death and non-fatal MI (41 vs 64 events; relative risk 0.53 [95% Cl 0.34-0.83; p=0.005). The beneficial effects on this composite endpoint were due to a significant reduction in the risk of non-fatal MI (14 vs 41; 0.23 [0.11-0.47]; p=0.005); however, there was a non-significant excess of cardiovascular deaths in the alpha-tocopherol group (27 vs 23; 1.18 [0.62-2.27]; p=0.61). All-cause mortality was 36 of 1035 alpha-tocopherol-treated patients and 27 of 967 placebo recipients.Interpretation We conclude that in patients with angiographically proven symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis, alpha-tocopherol treatment substantially reduces the rate of non-fatal MI, with beneficial effects apparent after 1 year of treatment. The effect of alpha-tocopherol treatment on cardiovascular deaths requires further study.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The CHAOS trial demonstrated that α-tocopherol is able to reduce the incidence of myocardial infarction, but failed to reduce mortality in cardiovascular diseases.
“CHAOS trial demonstrated that α-tocopherol is able to reduce the incidence of myocardial infarction, however, failed to reduce the mortality in cardiovascular diseases (Stephens et al. 1996).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Stephens et al. 1996
Cites
The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s
Ross, R. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/362801a0 · Cited by 10,618 · see citing works
Epstein, F. H., Steinberg, D. I., Parthasarathy, S., Carew, T. E., Khoo, J. C., & Witztum, J. L. (1989) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198904063201407 · Cited by 6,425 · see citing works
(1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199404143301501 · Cited by 4,737 · see citing works
Vitamin E Consumption and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Men
Rimm, E. B., Stampfer, M. J., Ascherio, A., Giovannucci, E. L., Colditz, G. A., & Willett, W. C. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199305203282004 · Cited by 2,335 · see citing works
Vitamin E Consumption and the Risk of Coronary Disease in Women
Stampfer, M. J., Hennekens, C. H., Manson, J. E., Colditz, G. A., ROSNER, B. A., & Willett, W. C. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199305203282003 · Cited by 2,085 · see citing works
Group sequential methods in the design and analysis of clinical trials
POCOCK, S. J. (1977) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/64.2.191 · Cited by 1,831 · see citing works
Steinbrecher, U. P., Parthasarathy, S., Leake, D. S., Witztum, J. L., & Steinberg, D. I. (1984) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.81.12.3883 · Cited by 1,626 · see citing works
Risk of angina pectoris and plasma concentrations of vitamins A, C, and E and carotene
Riemersma, R. A., Wood, D. A., Oliver, M. F., Elton, R. A., Macintyre, C. C. A., & GEY, K. F. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)93327-6 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOCOPHEROL AND SERUM LIPID LEVELS FOR DETERMINATION OF NUTRITIONAL ADEQUACY*
Horwitt, M. K., Harvey, C. C., Dahm, C. H., & Searcy, M. T. (1972) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1972.tb27878.x · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Boulanger, C. M., Tanner, F. C., Béa, M.-L., Hahn, A. W., Werner, A., & Lüscher, T. F. (1992) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.70.6.1191 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Hodis, H. N. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520470057032 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Salonen, J. T., Salonen, R. M., Penttilä, I., Herranen, J., Jauhiainen, M., Kantola, M., Lappeteläinen, R., Mäenpää, P. H., Alfthan, G., & Puska, P. (1985) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(85)90839-2 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Kok, F. J., de Bruijn, A. M., Vermeeren, R., Albert Hofman, D., Laar, A. V. '., de Bruin, M., Hermus, R. J. J., & Valkenburg, H. A. (1987) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/45.2.462 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Steinberg, D. H. (1992) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.85.6.2337 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Evidence that the death of macrophage foam cells contributes to the lipid core of atheroma
Ball, R. Y., Stowers, E. C., Burton, J. H., Cary, N. R. B., Skepper, J. N., & Mitchinson, M. J. (1995) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(94)05463-s · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Self-citationLipids and oxidised lipids in human atherosclerotic lesions at different stages of development
Carpenter, K. L. H., Taylor, S. E., van der Veen, C., et al. (1995) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0005-2760(94)00247-v · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Clinical trials of antioxidants in atherosclerosis: are we doing the right thing?
Steinberg, D. H. (1995) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)92657-7 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Dietary Antioxidants and Carotid Artery Wall Thickness
Kritchevsky, S. B., Shimakawa, T., Tell, G. S., Dennis, B., Carpenter, M. A., Eckfeldt, J. H., Peacher-Ryan, H., & HEISS, G. M. (1995) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.92.8.2142 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
On the spread of a disease with gamma distributed latent and infectious periods
Anderson, D. A., & Watson, R. (1980) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/67.1.191 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
On the mechanism of the anticlotting action of vitamin E quinone.
Dowd, P., & Zheng, Z. B. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.18.8171 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
The pathological basis and microanatomy of occlusive thrombus formation in human coronary arteries
Davies, M. J., Thomas, T., & surName (1981) · Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1981.0101 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Influence of vitamin E on platelet function in humans.
Steiner, M. J. (1991) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.1991.10718173 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Carpenter, K. L. H., Wilkins, G. M., Fussell, B., et al. (1994) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj3040625 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Hense, H. W., Stender, M., Borsc, W., & Keil, U. (1993) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(93)90036-t · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Insoluble lipids in human atherosclerotic plaques
Mitchinson, M. J. (1982) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(82)90167-8 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationTime course of vitamin E repletion in the premature infant
Kelly, F. J., Rodgers, W., Handel, J., et al. (1990) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19900149 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationPalomäki, P., Miettinen, H., Mustaniemi, H., Lehto, S., Pyör←ä, K., Mähönen, M., & Tuomilehto, J. O. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(94)90213-5 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Macrophages, oxidised lipids and atherosclerosis
Mitchinson, M. J. (1983) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/0306-9877(83)90079-8 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE NEW FACE OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Mitchinson, M. (1994) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.1994.tb09787.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationWu, H., Tai, T. Y., Chuang, L., et al. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Atherosclerosis--an inflammatory disease
Ross, R. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199901143400207 · Cited by 21,725 · see citing works
Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing
Finkel, T., & Holbrook, N. J. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35041687 · Cited by 9,413 · see citing works
Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging
Jomova, K., Raptova, R., Alomar, S. Y., Alwasel, S. H., Nepovimova, E., Kuca, K., & Valko, M. (2023) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-023-03562-9 · Cited by 2,638 · see citing works
Meta-Analysis: High-Dosage Vitamin E Supplementation May Increase All-Cause Mortality
Miller, E. R., Pastor-Barriuso, R., Dalal, D., Riemersma, R. A., Appel, L. J., & Guallar, E. (2005) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00110 · Cited by 2,577 · see citing works
Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Gluud, L. L., Simonetti, R. G., & Gluud, C. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.297.8.842 · Cited by 2,275 · see citing works
Kohen, R., & Nyska, A. (2002) · Toxicologic Pathology · doi:10.1080/01926230290166724 · Cited by 2,178 · see citing works
Vitamin E Supplementation and Cardiovascular Events in High-Risk Patients
(2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200001203420302 · Cited by 1,957 · see citing works
Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Women through Diet and Lifestyle
Stampfer, M. J., Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Rimm, E. B., & Willett, W. C. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200007063430103 · Cited by 1,794 · see citing works
Free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants in human health and disease
Aruoma, O. I. (1998) · Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society · doi:10.1007/s11746-998-0032-9 · Cited by 1,682 · see citing works
Oxidative Stress and Vascular Disease
Madamanchi, N. R., Vendrov, A., & Runge, M. S. (2005) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000150649.39934.13 · Cited by 1,618 · see citing works
Contradicted and Initially Stronger Effects in Highly Cited Clinical Research
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.2.218 · Cited by 1,465 · see citing works
Krauss, R. M., Eckel, R. H., Howard, B., Appel, L. J., Daniels, S. R., Deckelbaum, R. J., Erdman, J. W., Kris-Etherton, P., Goldberg, I. J., Kotchen, T. A., et al. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.102.18.2284 · Cited by 1,458 · see citing works
Franz, M. J., Bantle, J. P., Beebe, C. A., Brunzell, J. D., Chiasson, J.-L., Garg, A., Holzmeister, L. A., Hoogwerf, B., Mayer-Davis, E., Mooradian, A. D., et al. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.1.148 · Cited by 1,165 · see citing works
Second Joint Task Force of European (1998) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1053/euhj.1998.1243 · Cited by 1,131 · see citing works
Lee, I.-M., Cook, N. R., Gaziano, J. M., Gordon, D., Ridker, P. M., Manson, J. E., Hennekens, C. H., & Buring, J. E. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.1.56 · Cited by 1,137 · see citing works
Vivekananthan, D. P., Penn, M. S., Sapp, S. K., Hsu, A., & Topol, E. J. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13637-9 · Cited by 1,083 · see citing works
Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Gluud, L. L., Simonetti, R. G., & Gluud, C. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007176.pub2 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
Sesso, H. D. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2008.600 · Cited by 913 · see citing works
Role of ROS and Nutritional Antioxidants in Human Diseases
Liu, Z., Ren, Z., Zhang, J., Chuang, C.-C., Kandaswamy, E., Zhou, T., & Zuo, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00477 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Fihn, S. D., Gardin, J. M., Abrams, J., Berra, K., Blankenship, J. C., Dallas, A. P., Douglas, P. S., Foody, J. M., Gerber, T. C., Hinderliter, A. L., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318277d6a0 · Cited by 845 · see citing works
Reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular disease
Sugamura, K., & Keaney (2011) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.004 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
Lonn, E. M., Yusuf, S., Dzavik, V., Doris, C. I., Yi, Q., Smith, S., Moore-Cox, A., Bosch, J., Riley, W. A., & Teo, K. K. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.103.7.919 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Halliwell, B. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02075-4 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Ageing, age-related diseases and oxidative stress: What to do next?
Luo, J., Mills, K., le Cessie, S., Noordam, R., & van Heemst, D. (2020) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2019.100982 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Kell, D. B. (2009) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/1755-8794-2-2 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Cao, G., Russell, R. M., Lischner, N., & Prior, R. L. (1998) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/128.12.2383 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Diet, nutrition and the prevention of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases
Reddy, K. S., & Katan, M. B. (2004) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2003587 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Is oxidative stress a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease?
Münzel, T., Gori, T., Bruno, R. M., & Taddei, S. (2010) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq396 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Myung, S.-K., Ju, W., Cho, B., Oh, S.-W., Park, S. M., Koo, B.-K., Park, B.-J., & for the Korean Meta-Analysis (KORMA) Study Group (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f10 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Isoprostanes: Potential Markers of Oxidant Stress in Atherothrombotic Disease
Patrono, C., & FitzGerald, G. A. (1997) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.17.11.2309 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Disease: oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathogenesis of hypertension
Vaziri, N. D., & Rodríguez-Iturbe, B. (2006) · Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology · doi:10.1038/ncpneph0283 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Micronutrients in Health and Disease
Shenkin, A. (2006) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.2006.047670 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Association of vitamin E and C supplement use with cognitive function and dementia in elderly men
Masaki, K. H., Losonczy, K. G., Izmirlian, G., Foley, D. J., Ross, G. W., Petrovitch, H., Havlik, R., & White, L. R. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.6.1265 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Antioxidant Supplementation during Exercise Training: Beneficial or Detrimental?
Peternelj, T.-T., & Coombes, J. S. (2011) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11594400-000000000-00000 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Relationships between plasma measures of oxidative stress and metabolic control in NIDDM
Nourooz-Zadeh, J., Rahimi, A., Tajaddini-Sarmadi, J., Tritschler, H., Rosen, P., Halliwell, B., & Betteridge, D. J. (1997) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050729 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Reactive Oxygen Species as Mediators of Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Disease
Abe, J.-I., & Berk, B. C. (1998) · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1050-1738(97)00133-3 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Vitamin E and All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis
L. Abner, E., A. Schmitt, F., S. Mendiondo, M., L. Marcum, J., & J. Kryscio, R. (2011) · Current Aging Sciencee · doi:10.2174/1874609811104020158 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Ye, Y., Li, J., & Yuan, Z. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056803 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Critical Leg Ischaemia Prevention Study (CLIPS) Group (2007) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01763.x · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Chenopodium Quinoa Leaves Extracts—In Vitro Study
Gawlik-Dziki, U., Świeca, M., Sułkowski, M., Dziki, D., Baraniak, B., & Czyż, J. (2013) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.03.023 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., & Gluud, C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074558 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Silvestro, A., Scopacasa, F., Oliva, G., de Cristofaro, T., Iuliano, L., & Brevetti, G. (2002) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(02)00235-6 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use of antioxidant vitamins
Rodrigo, R., Guichard, C., & Charles, R. (2007) · Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2006.00466.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Oral Vitamin C Reduces Arterial Stiffness and Platelet Aggregation in Humans
Wilkinson, I. B., Megson, I. L., MacCallum, H., Sogo, N., Cockcroft, J. R., & Webb, D. J. (1999) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00005344-199911000-00010 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Vitamin E in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: the importance of proper patient selection
Vardi, M., Levy, N. S., & Levy, A. P. (2013) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r026641 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Castelao, J. E., & Gago-Dominguez, M. (2008) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.10.016 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
SUPEROXIDE ANION OVERPRODUCTION IN SEPSIS: EFFECTS OF VITAMIN E AND SIMVASTATIN
Durant, R., Klouche, K., Delbosc, S., Morena, M., Amigues, L., Beraud, J. J., Canaud, B., & Cristol, J. P. (2004) · Shock · doi:10.1097/01.shk.0000129197.46212.7e · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Zapolska-Downar, D., Zapolski-Downar, A., Markiewski, M., Ciechanowicz, A., Kaczmarczyk, M., & Naruszewicz, M. (2000) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.3197 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND THE PATHOGENESIS OF HEART FAILURE
Ball, A. M. M., & Sole, M. J. (1998) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0733-8651(05)70043-6 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Vitamin E Inhibits Lysophosphatidylcholine-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction and Platelet Activation
Murohara, T., Ikeda, H., Katoh, A., Takajo, Y., Otsuka, Y., Haramaki, N., & Imaizumi, T. (2002) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/152308602760598945 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Parish, W. E., Read, J., & Paterson, S. E. (2005) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00340.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Chen (2016) · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.02.048 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stephens, N. G., Parsons, A., Brown, M. J., Schofield, P. M., Kelly, F., Cheeseman, K., & Mitchinson, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Royal Papworth Hospital (GB)
- St Thomas' Hospital (GB)
- Brunel University of London (GB)
- ORCID
- Kelly, F
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-03
- Volume
- 347
- Issue
- 9004
- Pages
- 781-786
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2040923416
- Cited by
- 2,148
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 111.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Paraoxonase enzyme and polymorphisms
- Keywords
- vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular mortality, antioxidant therapy, LDL oxidation, atherosclerosis, high-dose vitamin E, all-cause mortality, secondary prevention, beta-carotene, nicotinic acid
- MeSH terms
- Coronary Artery Disease, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Vitamin E, Lipid Peroxidation, Survival Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
