Effects of thorough mastication on postprandial plasma glucose concentrations in nonobese Japanese subjects
Open accessAbstract
Thorough mastication has the potential to affect postprandial plasma glucose concentrations by improving digestibility and absorption of nutrients. To evaluate the effects of mastication on postprandial plasma glucose concentration, we compared usual and thorough mastication in subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT group, n = 16) and subjects predisposed to type 2 diabetes (first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients, subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, and type 2 diabetic patients) (predisposed group, n = 10) in a crossover trial of 52 test meals. Plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations were measured for 3 hours postprandially, and the insulinogenic index (the ratio of incremental serum insulin to plasma glucose concentration during the first 30 minutes after meal) was calculated. In the NGT group, thorough mastication reduced the postprandial plasma glucose concentration at 90 minutes (5.8 +/- 0.3 vs 6.5 +/- 0.4 mmol/L, P < .05) and 120 minutes (5.4 +/- 0.2 vs 6.3 +/- 0.4 mmol/L, P < .05) and the area under the curve (AUC) from -15 to 180 minutes (19.1 +/- 0.6 vs 20.6 +/- 0.8 [mmol . L]/h, P < .05) without an increase in the AUC for insulin. In the predisposed group, thorough mastication significantly augmented plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations and the AUCs compared with usual mastication. Thorough mastication elicited a significantly higher insulinogenic index than usual mastication in the NGT group (205.0 +/- 27.6 vs 145.6 +/- 17.7 pmol/mmol, P < .05), whereas the predisposed group showed significantly less early-phase insulin secretion than the NGT group. In the NGT group the postprandial plasma glucose concentration upon thorough mastication of meal was significantly lower, most probably because of the potentiation of early-phase insulin secretion. In the subjects predisposed to type 2 diabetes, thorough mastication did not potentiate early-phase insulin secretion and elicited a higher postprandial plasma glucose concentration.
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The degree of chewing might have a direct and positive effect on the rate of in vivo digestion and the glycaemic response.
“which confirmed that the degree of chewing might have a direct and positive effect on the rate of in vivo digestion and the glycaemic response.”
From Effect of Cold Storage and Reheating of Parboiled Rice on Postprandial Glycaemic Response, Satiety, Palatability and Chewed Particle Size Distribution (2017) · cites this paper as [30]
The paper’s summary (p. 788) reports that thorough chewing affected post-meal blood glucose, but the direction differed by group: glucose fell in participants with normal glucose tolerance and rose in the prediabetes/diabetes group. It measured glucose and insulin, not the rate of in vivo digestion, so it does not establish that part of the claim or a uniformly positive glycaemic effect. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn insulin-impaired participants, a shorter chewing time was associated with a greater glycaemic response compared with participants with normal insulin tolerance and extended chewing time (Suzuki et al., 2005).
“In 2005, Suzuki et al. [30] found that the insulin-impaired participants showed a greater glycaemic response after shorter chewing time compared with participants with normal insulin tolerance and extended chewing time”
From Effect of Cold Storage and Reheating of Parboiled Rice on Postprandial Glycaemic Response, Satiety, Palatability and Chewed Particle Size Distribution (2017) · cites this paper as [30]
The paper’s summary (pp. 788–789) reports that extended chewing lowered postprandial glucose in the normal-glucose-tolerance group. It also reports that, in the diabetes/prediabetes group, extended chewing increased glucose relative to shorter chewing. It does not report the claimed direct comparison between impaired participants chewing for less time and normal participants chewing for longer. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Cites
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“The insulinogenic index (II) [14], the ratio of the incremental serum insulin to plasma glucose concentration during the first 30 minutes after glucose ingestion calculated by OGTT (IIOGTT), has been commonly used as a measure of early-phase insulin secretion [15-18] since it was proposed by Seltzer et al [19] in 1967.”
MethodDietary Fat and Meat Intake in Relation to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men
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Mechanisms of the Age-Associated Deterioration in Glucose Tolerance
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Swallowing food without chewing; a simple way to reduce postprandial glycaemia
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Glycemic index and glycemic load: measurement issues and their effect on diet–disease relationships
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“[30] found that the insulin-impaired participants showed a greater glycaemic response after shorter chewing time compared with participants with normal insulin tolerance and extended chewing time, which confirmed that the degree of chewing might have a direct and positive effect on the rate of in vivo digestion and th…”
BackgroundThe role of digestive factors in determining glycemic response in a multiethnic Asian population
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Suzuki, H., Fukushima, M., Okamoto, S., Takahashi, O., Shimbo, T., Kurose, T., Yamada, Y., Inagaki, N., Seino, Y., & Fukui, T.
- Affiliations
- Kyoto University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Fukui, Tsuguya
- ORCID
- Venue
- Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-12
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1593-1599
- ISSN
- 0026-0495 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2028373471
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Kyoto University Research Information Repository (Kyoto University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- postprandial blood glucose, first-phase insulin secretion, insulinogenic index, impaired glucose tolerance, normal glucose tolerance, Japanese subjects
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose, Female, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Insulin, Male, Mastication, Middle Aged, Cross-Over Studies, Postprandial Period, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
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