The DOI matches its Crossref record; 268 of the 272 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The complex interaction between obesity, metabolic syndrome and reproductive axis: A narrative review
Abstract
The aim of this narrative review is to provide current evidence for the interaction between obesity, metabolic syndrome (MS) and reproductive axis. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses and, consequently, normal function of reproductive (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal) axis depend on normal energy balance, which presupposes sufficient food intake, reasonable energy consumption and average thermoregulatory costs. In case of an energy imbalance, reproductive dysfunction may occur. In young women, excessive leanness is accompanied by puberty delay, whereas premature puberty might be a manifestation of obesity. In a similar way, obesity in men affects fertility. Excess adipose tissue results in increased conversion of testosterone to estradiol, which may lead to secondary hypogonadism through reproductive axis suppression. Moreover, oxidative stress at the level of the testicular micro-environment may result in decreased spermatogenesis and sperm damage. Products of the adipocyte, such as leptin, adiponectin and resistin, and gut peptides, such as ghrelin, are considered to be crucial in the interaction between energy balance and reproduction. Finally, an indirect evidence for the interplay between MS and reproductive axis is the fact that when treating components of one, parameters of the other can be improved as well. These therapeutic interventions include lifestyle modifications, pharmacological agents, such as sex hormone replacement therapy, and surgical procedures. Although many issues remain unclear, the elucidation of the complex interaction between MS and reproductive axis will have obvious clinical implications in the therapeutic approach of both entities.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Several adipokines were proposed as negative mediators on the reproductive axis (28).”
From Effects of liraglutide on obesity-associated functional hypogonadism in men (2019) · cites this paper as [28]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED: Effect of Obesity on Parameters of Ovarian Reserve in Premenopausal Women
El-Halawaty, S., ElKattan, E. A., Azab, H., ElGhamry, N., & Al-Inany, H. G. (2010) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada · doi:10.1016/s1701-2163(16)34573-x · Cited by 73
RetractedGrundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Daniels, S. R., Donato, K. A., Eckel, R. H., Franklin, B. A., Gordon, D. J., Krauss, R. M., Savage, P. J., Smith, S. C., et al. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.169404 · Cited by 11,961
The metabolic syndrome—a new worldwide definition
Alberti, K. G. M., Zimmet, P., & Shaw, J. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67402-8 · Cited by 9,352
The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes
Steppan, C. M., Bailey, S. T., Bhat, S., Brown, E. J., Banerjee, R. R., Wright, C. M., Patel, H. R., Ahima, R. S., & Lazar, M. A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35053000 · Cited by 4,755
Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents
Tschöp, M., Smiley, D. L., & Heiman, M. L. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35038090 · Cited by 3,949
A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding
Nakazato, M., Murakami, N., Date, Y., Kojima, M., Matsuo, H., Kangawa, K., & Matsukura, S. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35051587 · Cited by 3,443 · cited 2×
“[191] Nakazato M, Murakami N, Date Y, et al.”
BackgroundA preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans
Cummings, D. E., Purnell, J. Q., Frayo, R. S., Schmidova, K., Wisse, B. E., & Weigle, D. S. (2001) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.8.1714 · Cited by 2,940 · cited 2×
“[196] Cummings DE, Purnell JQ, Frayo RS, et al.”
BackgroundGut hormone PYY3-36 physiologically inhibits food intake
Batterham, R. L., Cowley, M. A., Small, C. J., Herzog, H., Cohen, M. A., Dakin, C. L., Wren, A. M., Brynes, A. E., Low, M. J., Ghatei, M. A., et al. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature00887 · Cited by 2,351
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 272 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–321 of 321
Mzadi, A. E., Zouini, B., Bador, K., Råstam, M., & Kerekes, N. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4504418/v1
Rahi, E. H., & Khudhair, N. A. (2024) · Romanian Journal of Medical Practice · doi:10.37897/rjmp.2024.2.10
Management of Male Oxidative Stress Infertility (MOSI)
Ko, E., & Karthikeyan, V. S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62648-7_7
Ortiz-Flores, A. E., & Escobar-Morreale, H. F. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13825-6.00166-7
Role of adipose tissue and obesity in the development of reproductive disorders in women
Kosareva, O. V., Bulgakova, S. V., Dolgikh, Y. A., Sharonova, L. A., Treneva, E. V., Kurmaev, D. P., & Merzlova, P. Y. (2025) · Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология · doi:10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-228-8-44-51
Srinivasan, D., Raghavendhira, H., Khan, M. Z. I., Kannan, S., & Bhaskaran, R. S. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.03.029
Elgendy, E. B., Abduljalil, R. A., Alansari, S. A., Alsharqi, B. A. A., Sharif, F. A., & Dayoub, N. M. (2025) · Middle East Fertility Society Journal · doi:10.1186/s43043-025-00266-1
Ni, S., Jia, M., Wang, X., Hong, Y., Zhao, X., Zhang, L., Ru, Y., Yang, F., & Zhu, S. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21102226
Le sperme est-il un indicateur de la santé globale de l’homme ?
Bujan, L. (2026) · Bulletin de l Académie Nationale de Médecine · doi:10.1016/j.banm.2025.07.012
Liu, W., Xu, M., Wu, S., Lu, L., Qiao, F., Huang, M., Guo, K., Hu, P., Dou, X., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.70218
Obésité et méta-inflammation : rôle du système lysosomal-autophagique et des protéines associées
Soussi, H. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/77e61e80zde3cz4030z95f1z194698d236d8
Nogues, P. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c3ecfee5ze428z4395za563za025758f71a2
Analyse de la régulation de l'homéostasie des acides biliaires au sein des testicules
Holota, H. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/87a97831z9d93z48dazb8b7z8e7a929fc132
Obesity and Impaired Male Fertility: An Association of Clinical Importance
Krimi, K., Sebbar, E.-H., & Choukri, M. A. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.110987
Shashikiran, D., Muhasin Asaf, V. N., Abraham, B. L., Anand, L. F., Murugan, S. S., Naheef, K., Surendra, G. T., Madhuri, J., Vigneshwaran, B., Nisha, T. S., et al. (2026) · Reproduction in Domestic Animals · doi:10.1111/rda.70266
Zhang, X.-G., Li, M.-Z., Sha, H., Tao, S.-Y., Yuan, Q., Yang, Q.-W., Wang, L., Zhang, X.-Q., Chong, D., Hu, Z.-B., et al. (2026) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2026.113535
Cracking the fertility code: a comprehensive review of biomarkers and functional measures
Woodman-Sousa, M. F., & Grive, K. J. (2026) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.260199
Metadata
- Authors
- Michalakis, K., Mintziori, G., Kaprara, A., Tarlatzis, B. C., & Goulis, D. G.
- Affiliations
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Goulis, Dimitrios G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 457-478
- ISSN
- 0026-0495 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2115987699
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 272
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 14
- FWCI
- 3.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- obesity, metabolic syndrome, reproductive axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, energy balance, puberty, precocious puberty, male infertility, secondary hypogonadism, oxidative stress, spermatogenesis, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin, sex hormone replacement therapy, bariatric surgery, lifestyle modification
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Fertility, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Humans, Infertility, Life Style, Male, Obesity, Pregnancy, Reproduction, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Metabolic Syndrome, Bariatric Surgery
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
