Widespread Backtracking by RNA Pol II Is a Major Effector of Gene Activation, 5′ Pause Release, Termination, and Transcription Elongation Rate
Open accessAbstract
In addition to phosphodiester bond formation, RNA polymerase II has an RNA endonuclease activity, stimulated by TFIIS, which rescues complexes that have arrested and backtracked. How TFIIS affects transcription under normal conditions is poorly understood. We identified backtracking sites in human cells using a dominant-negative TFIIS (TFIIS DN) that inhibits RNA cleavage and stabilizes backtracked complexes. Backtracking is most frequent within 2 kb of start sites, consistent with slow elongation early in transcription, and in 3' flanking regions where termination is enhanced by TFIIS DN, suggesting that backtracked pol II is a favorable substrate for termination. Rescue from backtracking by RNA cleavage also promotes escape from 5' pause sites, prevents premature termination of long transcripts, and enhances activation of stress-inducible genes. TFIIS DN slowed elongation rates genome-wide by half, suggesting that rescue of backtracked pol II by TFIIS is a major stimulus of elongation under normal conditions.
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Slowing down transcription using mutants of the elongation factor TFIIS shifts termination upstream.
“Consistent with the results obtained with slow RNA Pol II mutants, slowing‐down transcription using mutants of the elongation factor TFIIS also shifts termination upstream (Sheridan et al, 2019; Zatreanu et al, 2019).”
From RNA polymerase II speed: a key player in controlling and adapting transcriptome composition (2021) · cites this paper as Sheridan et al, 2019
TFIIS increases RNA Pol II speed in human cells.
“Accordingly, TFIIS increases RNA Pol II speed in human cells (Sheridan et al, 2019; Zatreanu et al, 2019), while its deletion had no effect on RNA Pol II velocity in budding yeast (Mason & Struhl, 2005).”
From RNA polymerase II speed: a key player in controlling and adapting transcriptome composition (2021) · cites this paper as Sheridan et al, 2019
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Cortazar, M. A., Sheridan, R. M., Erickson, B., Fong, N., Glover-Cutter, K., Brannan, K., & Bentley, D. L. (2019) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2019.09.031 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
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“Accordingly, TFIIS increases RNA Pol II speed in human cells (Sheridan et al , 2019; Zatreanu et al , 2019), while its deletion had no effect on RNA Pol II velocity in budding yeast (Mason & Struhl, 2005).”
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- Authors
- Sheridan, R. M., Fong, N., D’Alessandro, A., & Bentley, D. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bentley, David L.
- Venue
- Molecular Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-01
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 107-118.e4
- ISSN
- 1097-2765 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6320282
- OpenAlex
- W2902183734
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 12
- FWCI
- 4.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 367 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Molecular Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R35GM118051)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Keywords
- TFIIS, transcription termination, gene activation, stress-inducible genes, 3' flanking region, RNA cleavage
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Kinetics, Mutation, RNA, RNA Polymerase II, Transcriptional Activation, 3' Flanking Region, Transcriptional Elongation Factors, Mice, HEK293 Cells, RNA Cleavage, Transcription Elongation, Genetic, Transcription Termination, Genetic
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