Microglial activation facilitates Aβ plaque removal following intracranial anti-Aβ antibody administration

The Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease: Progress and Problems on the Road to Therapeutics

Hardy, J., & Selkoe, D. J. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1072994 · Cited by 13,864

Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

Brunton, L. L. (1985) · Cited by 7,321

Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

Stigelman, W. H., & Pharm, D. (1986) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/151.1.386 · Cited by 6,796

Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease

Akiyama, H. (2000) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(00)00124-x · Cited by 4,514

Naturally secreted oligomers of amyloid β protein potently inhibit hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo

Walsh, D. M., Klyubin, I., Fadeeva, J. V., Cullen, W. K., Anwyl, R., Wolfe, M. S., Rowan, M. J., & Selkoe, D. J. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/416535a · Cited by 4,291

Correlative Memory Deficits, Aβ Elevation, and Amyloid Plaques in Transgenic Mice

Hsiao, K., Chapman, P., Nilsen, S., Eckman, C., Harigaya, Y., Younkin, S., Yang, F., & Cole, G. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.274.5284.99 · Cited by 4,210

Common structure of soluble amyloid oligomers implies common mechanism of pathogenesis

Kayed, R., Head, E., Thompson, J. L., McIntire, T. M., Milton, S. C., Cotman, C. W., & Glabe, C. G. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1079469 · Cited by 4,064

Immunization with amyloid-β attenuates Alzheimer-disease-like pathology in the PDAPP mouse

Schenk, D., Barbour, R., Dunn, W., Gordon, G., Grajeda, H., Guido, T., Hu, K., Huang, J., Johnson-Wood, K., Khan, K., et al. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/22124 · Cited by 3,160

Peripherally administered antibodies against amyloid β-peptide enter the central nervous system and reduce pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease

Bard, F., Cannon, C., Barbour, R., Burke, R.-L., Games, D., Grajeda, H., Guido, T., Hu, K., Huang, J., Johnson-Wood, K., et al. (2000) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/78682 · Cited by 2,012

Soluble Amyloid β Peptide Concentration as a Predictor of Synaptic Change in Alzheimer's Disease

Lue, L.-F., Kuo, Y.-M., Roher, A. E., Brachova, L., Shen, Y., Sue, L., Beach, T., Kurth, J. H., Rydel, R. E., & Rogers, J. (1999) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65184-x · Cited by 1,530

Aβ peptide vaccination prevents memory loss in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease

Morgan, D., Diamond, D. M., Gottschall, P. E., Ugen, K. E., Dickey, C. A., Hardy, J., Duff, K., Jantzen, P. T., DiCarlo, G., Wilcock, D. M., et al. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35050116 · Cited by 1,506

Aβ peptide immunization reduces behavioural impairment and plaques in a model of Alzheimer's disease

Janus, C., Pearson, J., McLaurin, J., Mathews, P. M., Jiang, Y., Schmidt, S. D., Chishti, M. A., Horne, P., Heslin, D., French, J., et al. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35050110 · Cited by 1,431

Neuropathology of human Alzheimer disease after immunization with amyloid-β peptide: a case report

Nicoll, J. A. R., Wilkinson, D., Holmes, C., Steart, P., Markham, H., & Weller, R. O. (2003) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm840 · Cited by 1,397

Accelerated Alzheimer-type phenotype in transgenic mice carrying both mutant amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 transgenes

Holcomb, L., Gordon, M. N., McGowan, E., Yu, X., Benkovic, S., Jantzen, P., Wright, K., Saad, I., Mueller, R., Morgan, D., et al. (1998) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0198-097 · Cited by 1,386

Subacute meningoencephalitis in a subset of patients with AD after Aβ42 immunization

Orgogozo, J.-M., Gilman, S., Dartigues, J.-F., Laurent, B., Puel, M., Kirby, L. C., Jouanny, P., Dubois, B., Eisner, L., Flitman, S., et al. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000073623.84147.a8 · Cited by 1,356

Peripheral anti-Aβ antibody alters CNS and plasma Aβ clearance and decreases brain Aβ burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

DeMattos, R. B., Bales, K. R., Cummins, D. J., Dodart, J.-C., Paul, S. M., & Holtzman, D. M. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.151261398 · Cited by 1,298

Tetracyclines inhibit microglial activation and are neuroprotective in global brain ischemia

Yrjänheikki, J., Keinänen, R., Pellikka, M., Hökfelt, T., & Koistinaho, J. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15769 · Cited by 1,006

Minocycline, a tetracycline derivative, is neuroprotective against excitotoxicity by inhibiting activation and proliferation of microglia

Tikka, T., Fiebich, B. L., Goldsteins, G., Keinänen, R., & Koistinaho, J. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-08-02580.2001 · Cited by 958

Impaired synaptic plasticity and learning in aged amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice

Chapman, P. F., White, G. L., Jones, M. W., Cooper-Blacketer, D., Marshall, V. J., Irizarry, M., Younkin, L., Good, M. A., Bliss, T. V. P., Hyman, B. T., et al. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/6374 · Cited by 946

Immunization reverses memory deficits without reducing brain Aβ burden in Alzheimer's disease model

Dodart, J.-C., Bales, K. R., Gannon, K. S., Greene, S. J., DeMattos, R. B., Mathis, C., DeLong, C. A., Wu, S., Wu, X., Holtzman, D. M., et al. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn842 · Cited by 858

Antibodies against β-Amyloid Slow Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease

Höck, C., Konietzko, U., Streffer, J. R., Tracy, J., Signorell, A., Müller-Tillmanns, B., Lemke, U., Henke, K., Moritz, E., Garcia, E., et al. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00294-0 · Cited by 786

A randomized controlled trial of prednisone in Alzheimer’s disease

Aisen, P. S., Davis, K. L., Berg, J. D., Schafer, K., Campbell, K., Thomas, R. G., Weiner, M. F., Farlow, M. R., Sano, M., Grundman, M., et al. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.3.588 · Cited by 464

Imaging of amyloid-β deposits in brains of living mice permits direct observation of clearance of plaques with immunotherapy

Bacskai, B. J., Kajdasz, S. T., Christie, R. H., Carter, C., Games, D., Seubert, P. A., Schenk, D., & Hyman, B. T. (2001) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/85525 · Cited by 445

Amyloid-β immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease: the end of the beginning

Schenk, D. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn938 · Cited by 436

Disaggregation of Alzheimer β-amyloid by site-directed mAb

Solomon, B., Koppel, R., Frankel, D., & Hanan, E. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.8.4109 · Cited by 425

Reversible memory loss in a mouse transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease

Kotilinek, L. A., Bacskai, B., Westerman, M., Kawarabayashi, T., Younkin, L., Hyman, B. T., Younkin, S., & Ashe, K. H. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-15-06331.2002 · Cited by 420

Epitope and isotype specificities of antibodies to β-amyloid peptide for protection against Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology

Bard, F., Barbour, R., Cannon, C., Carretto, R., Fox, M., Games, D., Guido, T., Hoenow, K., Hu, K., Johnson-Wood, K., et al. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0436286100 · Cited by 411

A randomized controlled trial of prednisone in Alzheimer’s disease

Koch, H. J., & Szecsey, A. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.55.7.1067 · Cited by 381

Minocycline inhibits microglial activation and protects nigral cells after 6-hydroxydopamine injection into mouse striatum

He, Y., Appel, S. H., & Le, W. (2001) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02681-6 · Cited by 350

Microglial Activation and β-Amyloid Deposit Reduction Caused by a Nitric Oxide-Releasing Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug in Amyloid Precursor Protein Plus Presenilin-1 Transgenic Mice

Jantzen, P. T., Connor, K. E., DiCarlo, G., Wenk, G. L., Wallace, J. L., Rojiani, A. M., Coppola, D., Morgan, D., & Gordon, M. N. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-06-02246.2002 · Cited by 341

Non-Fc-Mediated Mechanisms Are Involved in Clearance of Amyloid-β In Vivo by Immunotherapy

Bacskai, B. J., Kajdasz, S. T., McLellan, M. E., Games, D., Seubert, P., Schenk, D., & Hyman, B. T. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-18-07873.2002 · Cited by 323

Generation of antibodies specific for β-amyloid by vaccination of patients with Alzheimer disease

Höck, C., Konietzko, U., Papassotiropoulos, A., Wollmer, A., Streffer, J. R., von Rotz, R. C., Davey, G. E., Moritz, E., & Nitsch, R. M. (2002) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm783 · Cited by 284

Time Course of the Development of Alzheimer-like Pathology in the Doubly Transgenic PS1+APP Mouse

Gordon, M. N., Holcomb, L. A., Jantzen, P. T., DiCarlo, G., Wilcock, D., Boyett, K. W., Connor, K., Melachrino, J., O'Callaghan, J. P., & Morgan, D. (2002) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.2001.7754 · Cited by 247

Biochemical detection of Aβ isoforms: implications for pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

Golde, T. E., Eckman, C. B., & Younkin, S. G. (2000) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/s0925-4439(00)00043-0 · Cited by 244

Intracranially Administered Anti-Αβ Antibodies Reduce β-Amyloid Deposition by Mechanisms Both Independent of and Associated with Microglial Activation

Wilcock, D. M., DiCarlo, G., Henderson, D., Jackson, J., Clarke, K., Ugen, K. E., Gordon, M. N., & Morgan, D. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-09-03745.2003 · Cited by 232

Glucocorticoid- and mineralocorticoid receptors in microglial cells: The two receptors mediate differential effects of corticosteroids

Tanaka, J., Fujita, H. M., Matsuda, S., Toku, K., Sakanaka, M., & Maeda, N. (1997) · Glia · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199705)20:1 · Cited by 223

Passage of amyloid β protein antibody across the blood–brain barrier in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

Banks, W. A., Terrell, B., Farr, S. A., Robinson, S. M., Nonaka, N., & Morley, J. E. (2002) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/s0196-9781(02)00261-9 · Cited by 184

Number of A β Inoculations in APP+PS1 Transgenic Mice Influences Antibody Titers, Microglial Activation, and Congophilic Plaque Levels

Wilcock, D. M., Gordon, M. N., Ugen, K. E., Gottschall, P. E., DiCarlo, G., Dickey, C. A., Boyett, K. W., Jantzen, P. T., Connor, K. E., Melachrino, J., et al. (2001) · DNA and Cell Biology · doi:10.1089/10445490152717596 · Cited by 87

Peripheral administration of novel anti-inflammatories can attenuate the effects of chronic inflammation within the CNS

Hauss‐Wegrzyniak, B., Willard, L. B., Soldato, P. D., Pepeu, G., & Wenk, G. L. (1999) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(98)01081-6 · Cited by 75

High affinity binding of monoclonal antibodies to the sequential epitope EFRH of β-amyloid peptide is essential for modulation of fibrillar aggregation

Frenkel, D., Balass, M., Katchalski‐Katzir, E., & Solomon, B. (1999) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00003-x · Cited by 64

Aβ immunization and anti-Aβ antibodies: potential therapies for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

Holtzman, D. M., Bales, K. R., Paul, S. M., & Demattos, R. B. (2002) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(02)00158-8 · Cited by 64

Modeling Alzheimer's disease immune therapy mechanisms: Interactions of human postmortem microglia with antibody‐opsonized amyloid beta peptide

Lue, L., & Walker, D. G. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.10422 · Cited by 56

Immune attack: the role of inflammation in Alzheimer disease

Heppner, F. L., Ransohoff, R. M., & Becher, B. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3880 · Cited by 2,134

Clearance systems in the brain—implications for Alzheimer disease

Tarasoff-Conway, J. M., Carare, R. O., Osorio, R. S., Glodzik, L., Butler, T., Fieremans, E., Axel, L., Rusinek, H., Nicholson, C., Zlokovic, B. V., et al. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2015.119 · Cited by 1,678

Systemic infections and inflammation affect chronic neurodegeneration

Perry, V. H., Cunningham, C., & Holmes, C. (2007) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2015 · Cited by 1,027

Aβ Immunotherapy Leads to Clearance of Early, but Not Late, Hyperphosphorylated Tau Aggregates via the Proteasome

Oddo, S., Billings, L., Kesslak, J. P., Cribbs, D. H., & LaFerla, F. M. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.07.003 · Cited by 780

Immune activation in brain aging and neurodegeneration: too much or too little?

Lucin, K. M., & Wyss-Coray, T. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.039 · Cited by 679

Intracranially Administered Anti-Αβ Antibodies Reduce β-Amyloid Deposition by Mechanisms Both Independent of and Associated with Microglial Activation

Wilcock, D. M., DiCarlo, G., Henderson, D., Jackson, J., Clarke, K., Ugen, K. E., Gordon, M. N., & Morgan, D. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-09-03745.2003 · Cited by 232

A limited role for microglia in antibody mediated plaque clearance in APP mice

Garcı́a-Alloza, M., Ferrara, B. J., Dodwell, S. A., Hickey, G. A., Hyman, B. T., & Bacskai, B. J. (2007) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2007.07.019 · Cited by 47

The Role of Microglia in Antibody-Mediated Clearance of Amyloid-Beta from the Brain

Morgan, D. (2009) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/187152709787601821 · Cited by 58

Mechanisms of ß-Amyloid Clearance by Anti-Aß Antibody Therapy

Wilcock, D. M. (2004) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)

Anti-Aβ immunotherapy-mediated amyloid clearance attenuates microglial activation without inducing exhaustion at residual plaquesPreprint

de Weerd, L., Hummel, S., Müller, S. A., Paris, I., Sandmann, T., Eichholtz, M., Gröger, R., Englert, A. L., Wagner, S., Ha, C., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.04.10.645950