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Cysteine Dioxygenase 1 Mediates Erastin-Induced Ferroptosis in Human Gastric Cancer Cells

Hao, Shihui, Yu, Jiang, He, Wanming, Huang, Qiong, Zhao, Yang, Liang, Bishan, Zhang, Shuyi, Wen, Zhaowei, Dong, Shumin, Rao, Jinjun, Liao, Wangjun, Shi, Min·2017·Neoplasia
DOI 10.1016/j.neo.2017.10.005PMC PMC5686465
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Figure 1 CDO1 suppression contributes to ferroptosis resistance. (A) GC cells were treated with 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 40 μg/ml erastin for 24 hours. Cell viabilities were assayed by the MTT assay. (B) GPX4, solute carrier family 7 member 11(Slc7a11), and CDO1 expression were assessed by the qRT-PCR in GC cells. (C) GC cells were treated with erastin (E, 10 μg/ml) and with or without Z-VAD-FMK (apoptosis inhibitor), necrostatin (necroptosis inhibitor), 3-methyladenine (3-MA, autophagy inhibitor), and ferrostatin-1 or liproxstatin-1 (ferroptosis inhibitors) for 24 hours. Cell viability was assayed by the MTT assay. (D) GC cells were treated with or without erastin (10 μg/ml). LDH release assay was examined. (E) The siRNA sequences [CDO1 siRNA (2) and (3)] were designed for silencing CDO1. The mRNA levels of CDO1 in GC cells were examined by qRT-PCR. (F) The siRNA sequences [CDO1 siRNA (2) and (3)] were designed for silencing CDO1. The protein levels of CDO1 in GC cells were examined by Western blotting. (G) CDO1 siRNA (2)– and CDO1 siRNA (3)–silenced GC cells were treated with erastin (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 μg/ml) for 24 hours, and cell viabilities were assayed by the MTT assay. Quantitative data are presented as means ± SD from three independent experiments. ⁎P < .05, ⁎⁎P < .01, ⁎⁎⁎P < .001.
Figure 1 CDO1 suppression contributes to ferroptosis resistance. (A) GC cells were treated with 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 40 μg/ml erastin for 24 hours. Cell viabilities were assayed by the MTT assay. (B) GPX4, solute carrier family 7 member 11(Slc7a11), and CDO1 expression were assessed by the qRT-PCR in GC cells. (C) GC cells were treated with erastin (E, 10 μg/ml) and with or without Z-VAD-FMK (apoptosis inhibitor), necrostatin (necroptosis inhibitor), 3-methyladenine (3-MA, autophagy inhibitor), and ferrostatin-1 or liproxstatin-1 (ferroptosis inhibitors) for 24 hours. Cell viability was assayed by the MTT assay. (D) GC cells were treated with or without erastin (10 μg/ml). LDH release assay was examined. (E) The siRNA sequences [CDO1 siRNA (2) and (3)] were designed for silencing CDO1. The mRNA levels of CDO1 in GC cells were examined by qRT-PCR. (F) The siRNA sequences [CDO1 siRNA (2) and (3)] were designed for silencing CDO1. The protein levels of CDO1 in GC cells were examined by Western blotting. (G) CDO1 siRNA (2)– and CDO1 siRNA (3)–silenced GC cells were treated with erastin (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 μg/ml) for 24 hours, and cell viabilities were assayed by the MTT assay. Quantitative data are presented as means ± SD from three independent experiments. ⁎P < .05, ⁎⁎P < .01, ⁎⁎⁎P < .001.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 2 CDO1 regulates ferroptosis biomarkers. CDO1-silenced GC cells were treated with 10 μg/ml erastin for 24 hours. (A) GSH, (B) ROS, and (C) MDA levels were assayed. CDO1 siRNA-silenced GC cells were treated with 10 μg/ml erastin for 24 hours. GPX4 expression was assessed by the qRT-PCR (D), Western blotting (E), and immunofluorescence (F). (G) Transmission electron microscopic images of CDO1 siRNA (2)– and CDO1 siRNA(3)–silenced AGS cells treated with 10 μg/ml erastin for 24 hours. Left, 1 × 104 magnification, scale bar = 2 μm; right, 5 × 104 magnification, scale bar = 500 nm. Quantitative data are presented as means ± SD from three independent experiments. ⁎P < .05, ⁎⁎P < .01, ⁎⁎⁎P < .001.
Figure 2 CDO1 regulates ferroptosis biomarkers. CDO1-silenced GC cells were treated with 10 μg/ml erastin for 24 hours. (A) GSH, (B) ROS, and (C) MDA levels were assayed. CDO1 siRNA-silenced GC cells were treated with 10 μg/ml erastin for 24 hours. GPX4 expression was assessed by the qRT-PCR (D), Western blotting (E), and immunofluorescence (F). (G) Transmission electron microscopic images of CDO1 siRNA (2)– and CDO1 siRNA(3)–silenced AGS cells treated with 10 μg/ml erastin for 24 hours. Left, 1 × 104 magnification, scale bar = 2 μm; right, 5 × 104 magnification, scale bar = 500 nm. Quantitative data are presented as means ± SD from three independent experiments. ⁎P < .05, ⁎⁎P < .01, ⁎⁎⁎P < .001.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 3 C-Myb regulates CDO1 expression during ferroptosis. (A) GC cells were treated with erastin (10 or 30 μg/ml) for 24 hours. Expression levels of CDO1, c-Myb, and GPX4 proteins were detected by Western blotting. (B) The siRNA sequences [c-Myb siRNA (1), (2), and (3)] were designed for silencing c-Myb. The mRNA levels of c-Myb in GC cells were examined by qRT-PCR. (C) The siRNA sequences [c-Myb siRNA (1), (2), and (3)] were designed for silencing c-Myb. The protein levels of c-Myb in GC cells were examined by Western blotting. (D) Cell viabilities were determined by the MTT assay after transfection with three different c-Myb siRNA sequences to silence c-Myb expression. (E) c-Myb–silenced GC cells were treated with erastin (5, 10, or 20 μg/ml) for 24 hours, and cell viabilities were detected by the MTT assay. C-Myb was overexpressed, and (F) mRNA and (G) protein expression levels of CDO1 and GPX4 were detected by the qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively (V, vector; M, overexpression). (H) Immunofluorescence staining of GPX4 was determined when c-Myb was overexpressed. (I) Cell viabilities were determined by the MTT assay after overexpression of c-Myb or inhibited expression of CDO1 in GC cells treated with erastin (10 μg/ml). (J) The interaction between CDO1 and c-Myb was verified by a luciferase reporter assay. (K) The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay shows that c-Myb has three positive binding sites with the CDO1 promoter. Quantitative data are presented as means ± SD from three independent experiments. ⁎P < .05, ⁎⁎P < .01, ⁎⁎⁎P < .001.
Figure 3 C-Myb regulates CDO1 expression during ferroptosis. (A) GC cells were treated with erastin (10 or 30 μg/ml) for 24 hours. Expression levels of CDO1, c-Myb, and GPX4 proteins were detected by Western blotting. (B) The siRNA sequences [c-Myb siRNA (1), (2), and (3)] were designed for silencing c-Myb. The mRNA levels of c-Myb in GC cells were examined by qRT-PCR. (C) The siRNA sequences [c-Myb siRNA (1), (2), and (3)] were designed for silencing c-Myb. The protein levels of c-Myb in GC cells were examined by Western blotting. (D) Cell viabilities were determined by the MTT assay after transfection with three different c-Myb siRNA sequences to silence c-Myb expression. (E) c-Myb–silenced GC cells were treated with erastin (5, 10, or 20 μg/ml) for 24 hours, and cell viabilities were detected by the MTT assay. C-Myb was overexpressed, and (F) mRNA and (G) protein expression levels of CDO1 and GPX4 were detected by the qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively (V, vector; M, overexpression). (H) Immunofluorescence staining of GPX4 was determined when c-Myb was overexpressed. (I) Cell viabilities were determined by the MTT assay after overexpression of c-Myb or inhibited expression of CDO1 in GC cells treated with erastin (10 μg/ml). (J) The interaction between CDO1 and c-Myb was verified by a luciferase reporter assay. (K) The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay shows that c-Myb has three positive binding sites with the CDO1 promoter. Quantitative data are presented as means ± SD from three independent experiments. ⁎P < .05, ⁎⁎P < .01, ⁎⁎⁎P < .001.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Suppression of CDO1 inhibits ferroptosis in vivo. (A) Nude mice were injected subcutaneously with BGC823 cells (1 × 106 cells/mouse) and treated with erastin (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, twice every other day) starting at day 10 for 4 weeks. The tumor volume was calculated every 5 days (n = 5). (B, C) Lung, liver, spleen, kidney, heart, and grafted subcutaneous tumors of nude mice were removed and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Magnification: 100× (left panel), scale bar = 100 μm; 400× (right panel), scale bar = 25 μm. Expression of CDO1, GPX4, and PTGS2 (E) in subcutaneous tumors of nude mice using immunohistochemistry. Magnification: 100× (left panel); scale bar = 100 μm; 200× (right panel), scale bar = 50 μm; 400 × (right panel), scale bar = 25 μm.
Figure 4 Suppression of CDO1 inhibits ferroptosis in vivo. (A) Nude mice were injected subcutaneously with BGC823 cells (1 × 106 cells/mouse) and treated with erastin (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, twice every other day) starting at day 10 for 4 weeks. The tumor volume was calculated every 5 days (n = 5). (B, C) Lung, liver, spleen, kidney, heart, and grafted subcutaneous tumors of nude mice were removed and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Magnification: 100× (left panel), scale bar = 100 μm; 400× (right panel), scale bar = 25 μm. Expression of CDO1, GPX4, and PTGS2 (E) in subcutaneous tumors of nude mice using immunohistochemistry. Magnification: 100× (left panel); scale bar = 100 μm; 200× (right panel), scale bar = 50 μm; 400 × (right panel), scale bar = 25 μm.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Diagram summarizing the role of CDO1 during erastin-induced ferroptosis. Erastin inhibits cellular cysteine uptake by suppressing system XC− and depleting GSH. This leads to inactivation of GPX4, increased ROS, and subsequently ferroptosis. CDO1, transcriptionally regulated by c-Myb, can transform cysteine to taurine and thereby competitively deprive cells of the cysteine used to synthesize GSH. When CDO1 expression is inhibited, the conversion of cysteine to taurine is decreased, enhancing GSH generation. Therefore, GPX4 activity is promoted, inhibiting ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation and ultimately reducing the risk of ferroptosis.
Figure 5 Diagram summarizing the role of CDO1 during erastin-induced ferroptosis. Erastin inhibits cellular cysteine uptake by suppressing system XC− and depleting GSH. This leads to inactivation of GPX4, increased ROS, and subsequently ferroptosis. CDO1, transcriptionally regulated by c-Myb, can transform cysteine to taurine and thereby competitively deprive cells of the cysteine used to synthesize GSH. When CDO1 expression is inhibited, the conversion of cysteine to taurine is decreased, enhancing GSH generation. Therefore, GPX4 activity is promoted, inhibiting ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation and ultimately reducing the risk of ferroptosis.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Supplementary Figure 1 Expression of CDO1 in GC and normal gastric tissues. (A) CDO1 mRNA expression levels of 16 paired patient specimens (C, cancer; N, normal). (B) CDO1 protein expression levels of four paired patient specimens (C, cancer; N, normal). (C) Viabilities of GC cells overexpressing CDO1 following treatment with 5, 10, or 20 μg/ml erastin for 24 hours (V, vector; M, overexpression). Quantitative data are presented as means ± SD from three independent experiments. ⁎P < .05, ⁎⁎P < .01, ⁎⁎⁎P < .001.
Supplementary Figure 1 Expression of CDO1 in GC and normal gastric tissues. (A) CDO1 mRNA expression levels of 16 paired patient specimens (C, cancer; N, normal). (B) CDO1 protein expression levels of four paired patient specimens (C, cancer; N, normal). (C) Viabilities of GC cells overexpressing CDO1 following treatment with 5, 10, or 20 μg/ml erastin for 24 hours (V, vector; M, overexpression). Quantitative data are presented as means ± SD from three independent experiments. ⁎P < .05, ⁎⁎P < .01, ⁎⁎⁎P < .001.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Supplementary Figure 2 GPX4 mRNA levels by alteration of CDO1. Overexpressing CDO1-GC cells were treated with 10 μg/ml erastin for 24 hours (V, vector; M, overexpression). Quantitative data are presented as means ± SD from three independent experiments. ⁎P < .05, ⁎⁎P < .01, ⁎⁎⁎P < .001.
Supplementary Figure 2 GPX4 mRNA levels by alteration of CDO1. Overexpressing CDO1-GC cells were treated with 10 μg/ml erastin for 24 hours (V, vector; M, overexpression). Quantitative data are presented as means ± SD from three independent experiments. ⁎P < .05, ⁎⁎P < .01, ⁎⁎⁎P < .001.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Supplementary Figure 3 Immunohistochemistry of Ki-67 in tumors. Expression of Ki-67 in subcutaneous tumors of nude mice using immunohistochemistry. Magnification: 100× (left panel); scale bar = 100 μm; 200× (right panel), scale bar = 50 μm; 400 × (right panel), scale bar = 25 μm.
Supplementary Figure 3 Immunohistochemistry of Ki-67 in tumors. Expression of Ki-67 in subcutaneous tumors of nude mice using immunohistochemistry. Magnification: 100× (left panel); scale bar = 100 μm; 200× (right panel), scale bar = 50 μm; 400 × (right panel), scale bar = 25 μm.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Hao, S., Yu, J., He, W., Huang, Q., Zhao, Y., Liang, B., Zhang, S., Wen, Z., Dong, S., Rao, J., Liao, W., & Shi, M.
Venue
Neoplasia
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-12
Volume
19
Issue
12
Pages
1022-1032
ISSN
1476-5586
DOI
10.1016/j.neo.2017.10.005
PMC
PMC5686465
Cited by
276
References
11
Language
en
Licence
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (81472317)
  • Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province (2016A020215232)
  • CSCO-Merck Serono Oncology Research Fund (Y-MX2014-048))
  • Special Foundation of National Clinical Specialties of China

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