Cited by 1,735Cell death mechanisms and regulationFerroptosis and cancer prognosisDeath, Funerary Practices, and Mourning

Regulated necrosis: the expanding network of non-apoptotic cell death pathways

Berghe, Tom Vanden, Linkermann, Andreas, Jouan-Lanhouet, Sandrine, Walczak, Henning, Vandenabeele, Peter·2014·Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology

Abstract

Cell death research was revitalized by the understanding that necrosis can occur in a highly regulated and genetically controlled manner. Although RIPK1 (receptor-interacting protein kinase 1)- and RIPK3-MLKL (mixed lineage kinase domain-like)-mediated necroptosis is the most understood form of regulated necrosis, other examples of this process are emerging, including cell death mechanisms known as parthanatos, oxytosis, ferroptosis, NETosis, pyronecrosis and pyroptosis. Elucidating how these pathways of regulated necrosis are interconnected at the molecular level should enable this process to be therapeutically targeted.

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Crossref · 10.1038/nrm3737

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188 of 188 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • MPT refers to abrupt loss of impermeability of IMM to small solutes, resulting in rapid Δψm dissipation, osmotic breakdown of both mitochondrial membranes, and RCD.

    “The term MPT refers to an abrupt loss of the impermeability of the IMM to small solutes, resulting in rapid Δψm dissipation, osmotic breakdown of both mitochondrial membranes, and RCD [373, 374].”
  • MPT-driven necrosis is a form of RCD initiated by specific perturbations of intracellular microenvironment such as severe oxidative stress and cytosolic Ca2+ overload, which generally manifests with necrotic morphotype.

    “MPT-driven necrosis is a form of RCD initiated by specific perturbations of the intracellular microenvironment such as severe oxidative stress and cytosolic Ca2+ overload, which generally manifests with a necrotic morphotype [373, 374].”
  • MPT-driven necrosis has been proposed to follow opening of PTPC, a supramolecular complex assembled at junctions between IMM and OMM.

    “At the biochemical level, MPT-driven necrosis has been proposed to follow the opening of the so-called “permeability transition pore complex” (PTPC), a supramolecular complex assembled at the junctions between the IMM and OMM [103, 374].”
  • Ferroptosis manifests with a necrotic morphotype with predominant mitochondrial alterations including shrinkage, electron-dense ultrastructure, reduced/disappeared cristae, and ruptured OMM.

    “manifests with a necrotic morphotype (with a predominance of mitochondrial alterations encompassing shrinkage, an electron-dense ultrastructure, reduced/disappeared cristae, and ruptured OMM) [374]”
  • Enzymes such as caspases, thought to have key causal role in RCD execution, in majority of scenarios only accelerate rather than causally determine cellular demise.

    “Moreover, the community has focused for a long time on specific enzymes that were thought to have a key causal role in RCD execution, but in a majority of scenarios only appear to accelerate (rather than causally determine) cellular demise (e.g., caspases) [17, 374].”

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Authors
Berghe, T. V., Linkermann, A., Jouan-Lanhouet, S., Walczak, H., & Vandenabeele, P.
Affiliations
  • Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (BE)
  • Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
  • University College London (GB)
Corresponding author
Vandenabeele, Peter
Venue
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
Published
2014-01-23
Volume
15
Issue
2
Pages
135-147
ISSN
  • 1471-0072 (ISSN-L)
  • 1471-0080
OpenAlex
W2081053802
Cited by
1,735
References
188
Citations by year
2026: 71 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 100 · 2023: 143 · 2022: 136 · 2021: 163 · 2020: 136 · 2019: 157 · 2018: 160 · 2017: 140 · 2016: 175 · 2015: 151 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 1
FWCI
17.32
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Wellcome Trust (096831)
  • Cancer Research UK
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Ferroptosis and cancer prognosis
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
Keywords
regulated necrosis, non-apoptotic cell death, necroptosis, RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL, parthanatos, oxytosis, ferroptosis, NETosis, pyroptosis, cell death pathways, therapeutic targeting
MeSH terms
Humans, Necrosis, Protein Kinases, Signal Transduction, Cell Death, Apoptosis, Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Molecular Targeted Therapy

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