Neurons under viral attack: Victims or warriors?

Chakraborty, Swarupa; Nazmi, Arshed; Dutta, Kallol; Basu, Anirban

doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2010.02.016

Cited by 42Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanismsinterferon and immune responsesImmune Response and Inflammation

Neurons under viral attack: Victims or warriors?

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Chakraborty, Swarupa, Nazmi, Arshed, Dutta, Kallol, Basu, Anirban·2010·Neurochemistry International

DOI 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.02.016PMC PMC7115389

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Abstract

When the central nervous system (CNS) is under viral attack, defensive antiviral responses must necessarily arise from the CNS itself to rapidly and efficiently curb infections with minimal collateral damage to the sensitive, specialized and non-regenerating neural tissue. This presents a unique challenge because an intact blood-brain barrier (BBB) and lack of proper lymphatic drainage keeps the CNS virtually outside the radar of circulating immune cells that are at constant vigilance for antigens in peripheral tissues. Limited antigen presentation skills of CNS cells in comparison to peripheral tissues is because of a total lack of dendritic cells and feeble expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins in neurons and glia. However, research over the past two decades has identified immune effector mechanisms intrinsic to the CNS for immediate tackling, attenuating and clearing of viral infections, with assistance pouring in from peripheral circulation in the form of neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic T cells at a later stage. Specialized CNS cells, microglia and astrocytes, were regarded as sole sentinels of the brain for containing a viral onslaught but neurons held little recognition as a potential candidate for protecting itself from the proliferation and pathogenesis of neurotropic viruses. Accumulating evidence however indicates that extracellular insult causes neurons to express immune factors characteristic of lymphoid tissues. This article aims to comprehensively analyze current research on this conditional alteration in the protein expression repertoire of neurons and the role it plays in CNS innate immune response to counter viral infections.

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Neuron-derived inflammatory signaling is a critical feature of the antiviral response to neurotropic viral infections.
“However, work examining the immune response to neurotropic viral infections reveals neuron‐derived inflammatory signaling is a critical feature of the antiviral response (Klein et al, 2005; Chakraborty et al, 2010; Di Liberto et al, 2018).”
From Mechanisms of DNA damage-mediated neurotoxicity in neurodegenerative disease (2022) · cites this paper as Chakraborty et al, 2010

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Authors: Chakraborty, S., Nazmi, A., Dutta, K., & Basu, A.
Affiliations: National Brain Research Centre (IN)
Corresponding author: Basu, Anirban
ORCID: Nazmi, Arshed
Dutta, Kallol
Basu, Anirban
Venue: Neurochemistry International
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-05
Volume: 56
Issue: 6-7
Pages: 727-735
ISSN: 0197-0186 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.02.016
PMC: PMC7115389
OpenAlex: W1976564193
Cited by: 42
References: 117
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 0.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neurochemistry International (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Keywords: neurotropic viruses, neurons, antiviral response, blood-brain barrier, microglia, astrocytes, MHC expression, dendritic cells, neutralizing antibodies, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, neuroinflammation, viral infection
MeSH terms: Animals, Antigens, Viral, Antiviral Agents, Central Nervous System Diseases, Humans, Immunity, Interferon-gamma, Major Histocompatibility Complex, Neuroglia, Neurons, T-Lymphocytes, Virus Diseases, Gene Expression, Cytokines, Matrix Metalloproteinases, Toll-Like Receptors, Adaptive Immunity

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Neurons under viral attack: Victims or warriors?

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