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Cited by 16Youth Substance Use and School AttendancePsychology and Mental HealthChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

Hikikomori: debating a XXI century phenomenon from a clinical point of view

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Ranieri, Fiorenzo, Luccherino, Luciano·2018·Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology
DOI 10.21307/sjcapp-2018-002PMC PMC7750698
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Abstract

The term hikikomori describes a specific form of social withdrawal that can be observed in children, adolescents, and young adults. Epidemiological research studies have shown that this condition is comorbid with a psychopathological disorder only in 50% of all cases. Many young people in a state of withdrawal do not show symptoms ascribable to already known diagnostic parameters. The authors, psychologist, and psychiatrist at the UFSMIA (Functional Mental Health Unit for Children and Adolescents) in Arezzo, illustrate the current debate on the hikikomori phenomenon from a number of viewpoints: psychiatric, sociological, anthropological, and psychological. On the basis of a clinical case discussed at length in this paper, the authors define their viewpoints and the strategies initiated at the Mental Health Unit in the presence of a patient displaying a state of acute social withdrawal. The multiple actions taken by the UFSMIA are combined according to the concept of modularity. Clinical experiences collected allow the definition of therapeutic protocols useful for the treatment of hikikomori adolescents. The overall objective is to promote the autonomy of the adolescent, as well as the reinforcement of his/her identity and personal resources, as well as the non-traumatic re-entry into the social context.

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Crossref · 10.21307/sjcapp-2018-002

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  • Through interest-based activities, youths can also learn vocational skills that enhance their sense of competency and self-esteem, which are vital to reintegration.

    “Through interest-based activities, youths can also learn vocational skills that enhance their sense of competency and self-esteem, which are vital to reintegration (14).”

    From Reaching hidden youth in Singapore through the Hidden Youth Intervention Program: A biopsychosocial approach integrating mental health and social work interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [14]

    In “Treatment of acute social withdrawal in adolescence” (page unavailable), the case describes a girl who enjoyed caring for her dogs and began going out to walk them, then to meet friends. This supports a limited connection between a personal interest and renewed social contact. The paper does not say that interest-based activities taught vocational skills or improved competency and self-esteem. (LLM, conf=0.74)

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Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. [15]Krysinska D. Hikikomori (social withdrawal) in Japan: Discourses of media and scholars; Multicausal explanations of the phenomenon (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh); 2007 Available at: http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/9520/1/Krysinska_Dorota_October_2006.pdf
  2. [18]Meligrana D. La silenziosa protesta degli Hikikomori. [the silent protest of the hikikomori]. Antrocom 2013; 9: 71- 3.
  3. [32]Loscalzo Y, Nannicini C, Giannini M. Hikikomori: sindrome culturale internalizzante o ritiro volontario? [Hikikomori: internalizing cultural syndrome of voluntary withdrawal?]. Counseling 2016; 9: 49- 64.
  4. [33]Ranieri F. Adolescenti tra abbandono scolastico e ritiro sociale: il fenomeno degli “hikikomori”. [Adolescents between school drop-out and social withdrawal: the hikikomori phenomenon]. Psicologia Clinica dello Sviluppo 2016; 2: 319- 26.
  5. [36]Hattori Y. Social withdrawal/DDNOS through faulty attachment between parents and child in seemingly well-functioning Japanese families [Keynote panel] In: International Conference on Trauma, Attachment, and Dissociation: Transforming Trauma, The Delphi Centre, Melbourne, Australia, 2003, 14 9.
  6. [40]Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: Vol. 1 Attachment. 2nd ed. New York: Basic Books; 1982.
  7. [42]Ranieri F. When social withdrawal in adolescence becomes extreme: the “hikikomori” phenomenon in Italy. Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna 2015; 15: 148- 51.
  8. [49]Ranieri F, Andreoli M, Bellagamba E, Franchi E, Mancini F, Pitti L, et al. Adolescenti tra abbandono scolastico e ritiro sociale: il fenomeno degli “hikikomori” ad Arezzo. [Adolescents between school drop-out and social withdrawal: the hikikomori phenomenon in Arezzo]. Il Cesalpino 2015; 14: 13- 17.

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Authors
Ranieri, F., & Luccherino, L.
Affiliations
Italian National Health Service, Department of Mental Health - Unità Funzionale Salute Mentale Infanzia e Adolescenza (UFSMIA) , Arezzo, Tuscany , Italy
Corresponding author
Ranieri, Fiorenzo
ORCID
Ranieri, Fiorenzo
Venue
Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology
Publisher
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Published
2018-01-01
Volume
6
Issue
1
Pages
72-79
ISSN
2245-8875 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.21307/sjcapp-2018-002
PMC
PMC7750698
OpenAlex
W2808061620
Cited by
16
References
38
Citations by year
2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 1
FWCI
3.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Education › Youth Substance Use and School Attendance
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords
hikikomori, social withdrawal, adolescents, young adults, comorbidities, psychiatric comorbidity, treatment protocols, adolescent autonomy, identity reinforcement, social reintegration, modularity

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