Hikikomori, a Japanese Culture-Bound Syndrome of Social Withdrawal?: A Proposal for DSM-5
Open accessAbstract
A form of severe social withdrawal, called hikikomori, has been frequently described in Japan and is characterized by adolescents and young adults who become recluses in their parents' homes, unable to work or go to school for months or years. The aim of this study was to review the evidence for hikikomori as a new psychiatric disorder. Electronic and manual literature searches were used to gather information on social withdrawal and hikikomori, including studies examining case definitions, epidemiology, and diagnosis. A number of recent empirical studies have emerged from Japan. The majority of such cases of hikikomori are classifiable as a variety of existing Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) psychiatric disorders. However, a notable subset of cases with substantial psychopathology does not meet criteria for any existing psychiatric disorder. We suggest hikikomori may be considered a culture-bound syndrome and merits further international research into whether it meets accepted criteria as a new psychiatric disorder. Research diagnostic criteria for the condition are proposed.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Family interventions to improve parent-child relationships, family psychotherapy, and parent support groups have been identified as essential components of hidden youth interventions.
“In line with FST, family interventions to improve parent-child relationships (11), family psychotherapy (18), and parent support groups (22), have been identified as essential components of hidden youth interventions.”
From Reaching hidden youth in Singapore through the Hidden Youth Intervention Program: A biopsychosocial approach integrating mental health and social work interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [18]
Citation (18) is attached to family psychotherapy. The Case Report (page unavailable) describes a withdrawn boy whose parents attended regular family therapy, but it does not identify family psychotherapy as an essential component of hidden-youth interventions generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Issues for DSM-V: Internet Addiction
Block, J. J. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07101556 · Cited by 1,385 · see citing works
Public beliefs about treatment and outcome of mental disorders: a comparison of Australia and Japan
Jorm, A. F., Nakane, Y., Christensen, H. M., Yoshioka, K., Griffiths, K. M., & Wata, Y. (2005) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-3-12 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
The Japanese Hikikomori Phenomenon: Acute Social Withdrawal among Young People
Furlong, A. (2008) · The Sociological Review · doi:10.1111/j.1467-954x.2008.00790.x · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Should DSM-V Designate "Internet Addiction" a Mental Disorder?
Pies, R. W. (2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Culture-bound syndromes: the story ofdhatsyndrome
Sumathipala, A., Siribaddana, S. H., & Bhugra, D. (2004) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.184.3.200 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
The Place of Culture in Psychiatric Nosology: Taijin Kyofusho and DSM-III-R
Kirmayer, L. J. (1991) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199101000-00005 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
A New Form of Social Withdrawal in Japan: a Review of Hikikomori
Teo, A. R. (2009) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764008100629 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationSakamoto, N., Martin, R. G., Kumano, H., Kuboki, T., & Al‐Adawi, S. (2005) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/7weq-216d-tvnh-pqj1 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Japan’s Hidden Youths: Mainstreaming the Emotionally Distressed in Japan
Borovoy, A. (2008) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-008-9106-2 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Lebra, T. S., & Lebra, W. P. (1986) · University of Hawaii Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780824841522 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Plea for acceptance: School refusal syndrome in Japan
Lock, M. M. (1986) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(86)90359-x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Family features in primary social withdrawal among young adults
Suwa, M., Suzuki, K., Koichi, H. A. R. A., WATANABE, H., & Takahashi, T. (2003) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2003.01172.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Taijin Kyofusho: Diagnostic and cultural issues in Japanese psychiatry
Tanaka‐Matsumi, J. (1979) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/bf00114612 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Anxiety disorders in Japan: A Review of The Japanese literature on Shinkeishitsu and taijinky?fush?
Russell, J. G. (1989) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/bf00052047 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Un caso de hikikomori en España
García‐Campayo, J., Alda, M., Sierra, N. S., & Abós, B. S. (2007) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1157/13109125 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Japanese youth: the other half of the crisis?
Kawanishi, Y. (2004) · Asian Affairs · doi:10.1080/0306837042000184257 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Neurasthenia and a Modernizing America
Schuster, D. G. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.17.2327 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bhugra, D., & Bhui, K. S. (2001) · Primary Care and Community Psychiatry · doi:10.1185/135525701317094494 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
[Psychopathological features of "primary social withdrawal"].
Suwa, M., & Suzuki, K. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 14 · see citing works
[School-refusal and social-withdrawal in the clinical setting at a psychiatric medical institution].
Tsujimoto, T., Daimon, K., Izumi, K., Sawai, M., & 岩重, 達. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 22 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Garcia-Campayo J Alda M Sobradiel N Sanz Abos B 2007 A case report of hikikomori in Spain Medicina Clinica (Barc) 129 318 9 17878030
- Kondo N 1997 Hiseishinbyousei hikikomori no genzai (The present conditions of non-psychotic pyscho-social withdrawal cases) Rinshou Seishin Igaku (Japanese Journal of Clinical Psychiatry) 26 1159 67
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tateno, M., Teo, A. R., Ukai, W., Kanazawa, J., Katsuki, R., Kubo, H., & Kato, T. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00455 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Self-citationKato, T. A., Kanba, S., & Teo, A. R. (2019) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12895 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Self-citationKato, T. A., Tateno, M., Shinfuku, N., Fujisawa, D., Teo, A. R., Sartorius, N., Akiyama, T., Ishida, T., Choi, T. Y., Balhara, Y. P. S., et al. (2011) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0411-7 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Self-citationTeo, A. R., Fetters, M. D., Stufflebam, K., Tateno, M., Balhara, Y., Choi, T. Y., Kanba, S., Mathews, C. A., & Kato, T. A. (2015) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764014535758 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment and validation of the 25‐item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ‐25)
Teo, A. R., Chen, J. I., Kubo, H., Katsuki, R., Sato‐Kasai, M., Shimokawa, N., Hayakawa, K., Umene‐Nakano, W., Aikens, J. E., Kanba, S., et al. (2018) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12691 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Self-citationDefining pathological social withdrawal: proposed diagnostic criteria for hikikomori
Kato, T. A., Kanba, S., & Teo, A. R. (2020) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20705 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, T. M., & Wong, P. W. (2015) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867415581179 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Kondo, N., Sakai, M., Kuroda, Y., Kiyota, Y., Kitabata, Y., & Kurosawa, M. (2013) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764011423611 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Wong, P. W. C., Li, T. M. H., Chan, M. K. Y., Law, Y., Chau, M., Cheng, C., Fu, K., Bacon‐Shone, J., & Yip, P. S. F. (2014) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764014543711 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Lee, Y. S., Lee, J. Y., Choi, T. Y., & Choi, J. T. (2013) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12043 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Are Japan's hikikomori and depression in young people spreading abroad?
Kato, T. A., Shinfuku, N., Sartorius, N., & Kanba, S. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61475-x · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Internet Addiction, Hikikomori Syndrome, and the Prodromal Phase of Psychosis
Stip, E., Thibault, A., Beauchamp-Chatel, A., & Kisely, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00006 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Stavropoulos, V., Anderson, E. L., Beard, C. L., Latifi, M. Q., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2018.10.001 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Hikikomori in Spain: A descriptive study
Malagón, A., Córcoles, D., Martín‐Lopez, L. M., & Pérez, V. (2014) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764014553003 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Attachment and hikikomori : A psychosocial developmental model
Krieg, A., & Dickie, J. R. (2011) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764011423182 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Hikikomori as a possible clinical term in psychiatry: a questionnaire survey
Tateno, M., Park, T. W., Kato, T. A., Umene‐Nakano, W., & Saito, T. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-169 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Pozza, A., Coluccia, A., Kato, T. A., Gaetani, M., & Ferretti, F. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025213 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Eleuteri, S., Saladino, V., & Verrastro, V. (2017) · Sexual and Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/14681994.2017.1397953 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Hamasaki, Y., Pionnié-Dax, N., Dorard, G., Tajan, N., & Hikida, T. (2021) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-020-01064-8 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Tateno, M., Teo, A. R., Shirasaka, T., Tayama, M., Watabe, M., & Kato, T. A. (2016) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12454 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychopathology associated with social withdrawal: Idiopathic and comorbid presentations
Teo, A. R., Stufflebam, K., Saha, S., Fetters, M. D., Tateno, M., Kanba, S., & Kato, T. A. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.033 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacteristics of socially withdrawn youth in France: A retrospective study
Chauliac, N., Couillet, A., Faivre, S., Brochard, N., & Terra, J. (2017) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764017704474 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Nonaka, S., Takeda, T., & Sakai, M. (2022) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674221085917 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Blood biomarkers of Hikikomori, a severe social withdrawal syndrome
Hayakawa, K., Kato, T. A., Watabe, M., Teo, A. R., Horikawa, H., Kuwano, N., Shimokawa, N., Sato-Kasai, M., Kubo, H., Ohgidani, M., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21260-w · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationNagata, T., Yamada, H., Teo, A., Yoshimura, C., Nakajima, T., & van Vliet, I. V. (2013) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764011423184 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationFrankova, I. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00558 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Quality of Life of the Hidden Youth in Hong Kong
Chan, G. H., & Lo, T. W. (2013) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-013-9279-x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Bowker, J. C., Bowker, M. H., Santo, J. B., Ojo, A. A., Etkin, R. G., & Raja, R. (2019) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2019.1633618 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Wong, J. C. M., Wan, M. J. S., Kroneman, L., Kato, T. A., Lo, T. W., Wong, P. W. C., & Chan, G. H. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00512 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Malagón, A., Martín‐Lopez, L. M., Córcoles, D., Gonzalez, A. M., Bellsolà, M., Teo, A. R., Pérez, V., Bulbena, A., & Bergé, D. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.060 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationFamily Features of Social Withdrawal Syndrome (Hikikomori)
Malagón-Amor, Á., Martín-López, L. M., Córcoles, D., González, A., Bellsolà, M., Teo, A. R., Bulbena, A., Pérez, V., & Bergé, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00138 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial withdrawal and psychiatry: A comprehensive review of Hikikomori
Tajan, N. (2015) · Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.neurenf.2015.03.008 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Wong, M. (2020) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444820912530 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Liu, L. L., Li, T. M. H., Teo, A. R., Kato, T. A., & Wong, P. W. C. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.8509 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationWong, K. T. C., Chan, C. S., Chan, M. Y. H., Wong, C. L. H., Cheng, Q., Xiong, C., & Yip, P. S. F. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.056 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Fong, T. C. T., & Yip, P. S. F. (2023) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640231174376 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Kato, T. A., Sartorius, N., & Shinfuku, N. (2024) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000929 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Prolonged social withdrawal disorder: A hikikomori case in Spain
Ovejero, S., Caro‐Cañizares, I., de León-Martínez, V., & Baca‐García, E. (2013) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764013504560 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Bobek, A., Pembroke, S., & Wickham, J. (2020) · Housing Studies · doi:10.1080/02673037.2020.1769037 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Wong, M. (2017) · Housing Studies · doi:10.1080/02673037.2017.1364713 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Does hikikomori (severe social withdrawal) exist among young people in urban areas of China?
Wong, P. W. C., Liu, L. L., Li, T. M. H., Kato, T. A., & Teo, A. R. (2017) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2017.10.026 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationEpidemic of Loneliness in a Digital Society: Hikikomori as a Cultural and Psychological Phenomenon
Voiskounsky, A. E., & Солдатова, Г. (2019) · Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.17759/cpp.2019270303 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Social withdrawal and gender differences: Clinical phenotypes and biological bases
Masi, G., Berloffa, S., Milone, A., & Brovedani, P. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24802 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Culturally sanctioned suicide: Euthanasia, seppuku, and terrorist martyrdom
Pierre, J. M. (2015) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v5.i1.4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Li, T. M. H., & Wong, P. W. C. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12440 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Junus, A., Hsu, Y., Wong, C. L. H., & YIP, P. S. F. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.02.038 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Social Withdrawal (Hikikomori) Conditions in China: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey
Hu, X., Fan, D., & Shao, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.826945 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Claustration à domicile de l’adolescent. Hikikomori
Guedj-Bourdiau, M.-J. (2011) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2011.10.005 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Pereira-Sanchez, V., Álvarez-Mon, M., del Barco, A. A., Álvarez-Mon, M., & Teo, A. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/14167 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationMuris, P., & Ollendick, T. H. (2023) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-023-00425-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Hikikomori: A Scientometric Review of 20 Years of Research
Neoh, M. J. Y., Carollo, A., Lim, M., & Esposito, G. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20095657 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hidden youth services: What Hong Kong can learn from Japan
Chan, G. H.-Y., & Lo, T. W. (2014) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.021 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Loneliness and Single-Person Households: Issues of Kodokushi and Hikikomori in Japan
Kato, T. A., Shinfuku, N., Sartorius, N., & Kanba, S. (2017) · Mental health and illness worldwide · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2327-9_9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Tan, M. P. J., Lee, W., & Kato, T. A. (2021) · BJPsych International · doi:10.1192/bji.2020.20 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Cultural Models of Health and Illness
Angel, R. J., & Williams, K. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394420-7.00003-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Kwan, C., Wong, C. L. H., Chen, Z., & YIP, P. S. F. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052828 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Fractures in the framework: limitations of classification systems inpsychiatry
Kapadia, M., Desai, M., & Parikh, R. M. (2020) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2020.22.1/rparikh · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Hamasaki, Y., Pionnié-Dax, N., Dorard, G., Tajan, N., & Hikida, T. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04116-6 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Based on preliminary diagnostic criteria [29] and structured interviews, Teo et al.”
MethodEmplotting Hikikomori: Japanese Parents’ Narratives of Social Withdrawal
Rubinstein, E. B. (2016) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-016-9495-6 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Fong, T. C. T., Junus, A., Wen, M., & YIP, P. S. F. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.091 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the 25-Item Hikikomori Questionnaire
Amendola, S., Presaghi, F., Teo, A. R., & Cerutti, R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013552 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationFong, T. C. T., Cheng, Q., Pai, C. Y., Kwan, I., Wong, C. L. H., Cheung, S. H., & YIP, P. S. F. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115774 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Gdy wycofanie społeczne przybiera postać skrajną: zjawisko „hikikomori” we Włoszech
Ranieri, F. (2015) · Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna · doi:10.15557/pipk.2015.0023 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Imai, H., Takamatsu, T., Mitsuya, H., Yoshizawa, H., Mitsuya, H., & Furukawa, T. A. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02660-7 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hikikomori: psychopathology and differential diagnosis of a condition with epidemic diffusion
Martinotti, G., Vannini, C., Di Natale, C., Sociali, A., Stigliano, G., Santacroce, R., & di Giannantonio, M. (2021) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2020.1820524 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hikikomori silent epidemic: a case study
Silić, A., Vukojević, J., Čulo, I., & Falak, H. (2019) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2019.377 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Amendola, S., Cerutti, R., & von Wyl, A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291341 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Loscalzo, Y., Nannicini, C., Liu, I. H., & Giannini, M. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020975800 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
How culture shapes social cognition deficits in mental disorders: A review
Koelkebeck, K., Uwatoko, T., Tanaka, J., & Kret, M. (2017) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2016.1155482 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Pupi, V., Bressi, C., Porcelli, P. M., Rossetti, M. G., Bellani, M., Trabacca, A., Brambilla, P., & Fave, A. D. (2025) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152573 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Hikikomori, ces adolescents en retrait
Fansten, M., Figueiredo, C., & Vellut, N. (2014) · Armand Colin eBooks · doi:10.3917/arco.fanst.2014.01.0021 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Italia, M., Forastieri, C., Longaretti, A., Battaglioli, E., & Rusconi, F. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21207455 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Validation of the German version of the 25‐item hikikomori questionnaire 25
Hajek, A., Teo, A. R., Zwar, L., & König, H. (2024) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.2027 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationHikikomori: A Society-Bound Syndrome of Severe Social Withdrawal
Bin, D., Li, D., Alberta Health Services, E., & Baker, G. B. (2022) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5152/pcp.2022.22429 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Brosnan, M., & Gavin, J. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281833 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Bonassi, A., Cataldo, I., Gabrieli, G., Foo, J. N., Lepri, B., & Esposito, G. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197232 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Wong, P. W. C., Yu, R. W. M., Li, T. M. H., Lai, S. L. H., Ng, H. Y. H., & Fan, W. T. W. (2019) · Society & Animals · doi:10.1163/15685306-12341462 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ferrara, P., Franceschini, G., Corsello, G., Mestrovic, J., Giardino, I., Sacco, M., Vural, M., Pettoello-Mantovani, M., & Pop, T. L. (2020) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.06.089 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Benarous, X., Guedj, M.-J., Cravero, C., Jakubowicz, B., Brunelle, J., Suzuki, K., & Cohen, D. (2022) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615221111633 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Amendola, S. (2024) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1177/18344909241274808 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hikikomori in the Middle East: The role of problematic gaming, social media use, and loneliness
Shah, H., Helmy, M. S., & Vally, Z. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0312818 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Yasuma, N., Watanabe, K., Nishi, D., Ishikawa, H., Tachimori, H., Takeshima, T., Umeda, M., & Kawakami, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.602678 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hikikomori Syndrome and Digital Technologies: A Systematic Review
Sales-Filho, G. S., Bandeira, I. D., Argollo, N., & Lucena, R. (2023) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000362 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Umemura, T., Watanabe, M., Tazuke, K., Asada-Hirano, S., & Kudo, S. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000471 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Luca, M. D. (2016) · L Évolution Psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.evopsy.2016.11.005 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Shifting the Focus to East and Southeast Asia: A Critical Review of Regional Game Research
Phan, Q. A. (2021) · Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.1007/s40647-021-00317-7 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hikikomori: A perspective from bibliometric analysis
Cai, H. X., Sha, S., Zhang, Q., Si, T. L., Liu, Y., Zheng, W., Su, Z., Cheung, T. C. C., Ungvari, G. S., Teo, A. R., et al. (2023) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13573 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationTechnology affordances and social withdrawal: The rise of hikikomori
Park, H., & Yap, S. F. (2024) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21991 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Batra, R., Flatt, J. D., Pharr, J. R., Sharma, M., Khubchandani, J., Kanekar, A. S., Chirico, F., & Batra, K. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12212149 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hihara, S., Sugimura, K., Umemura, T., Iwasa, Y., & Syed, M. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421000043 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Validation of the Italian version of the 25‐item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ‐25‐I)
Fino, E., Iliceto, P., Carcione, A., Giovani, E., & Candilera, G. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23404 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Intersection of Culture and Solitude
Teo, A. R., Stufflebam, K., & Kato, T. A. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118427378.ch25 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationAmendola, S., Presaghi, F., Teo, A. R., & Cerutti, R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191610408 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationTajan, N. (2015) · Subjectivity · doi:10.1057/sub.2015.11 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-Construal, Social Support, and Loneliness in Japan
Taniguchi, H., & Kaufman, G. (2018) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-018-9636-x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Suicide Motives and Protective Factors - Contributions from a Hikikomori Discussion Board
Haasio, A., & Salminen-Tuomaala, M. H. (2020) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2020.1817209 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Current Challenges and Future Opportunities for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Japan
Tateno, M., Inagaki, T., Saito, T., Guerrero, A. P. S., & Skokauskas, N. (2017) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2017.14.5.525 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Hikikomori: debating a XXI century phenomenon from a clinical point of view
Ranieri, F., & Luccherino, L. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.21307/sjcapp-2018-002 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Tateno, M., Matsuzaki, T., Takano, A., & Higuchi, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.995665 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Al‐Sibani, N., Chan, M. F., Al‐Huseini, S., Kharusi, N. A., Guillemin, G. J., Al-Abri, M., Ganesh, A., Hasani, Y. A., & Al‐Adawi, S. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279612 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Teo, A. R., & Gaw, A. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- ORCID
- Teo, Alan R.
- Venue
- Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 198
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 444-449
- ISSN
- 0022-3018 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4912003
- OpenAlex
- W2038618640
- Cited by
- 276
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 25.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R25MH060482)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Youth Substance Use and School Attendance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- hikikomori, social withdrawal, culture-bound syndromes, psychiatric classification, DSM diagnostic criteria, adolescents and young adults, reclusion, case definition, diagnosis, Research Diagnostic Criteria
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Culture, Female, Humans, Japan, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Social Isolation, Syndrome, International Classification of Diseases, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Asian People, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
