Cited by 438Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and ApplicationsAcute Ischemic Stroke ManagementStroke Rehabilitation and Recovery

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Diffusion tensor imaging detects early Wallerian degeneration of the pyramidal tract after ischemic stroke

Thomalla, Götz, Glauche, Volkmar, Koch, Martin A, Beaulieu, Christian, Weiller, Cornelius, Röther, Joachim·2004·NeuroImage

DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.03.041

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Abstract

We used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to assess Wallerian degeneration of the pyramidal tract within the first 2 weeks after ischemic stroke, and correlated the extent of Wallerian degeneration with the motor deficit. Nine patients with middle cerebral artery stroke were examined 2-16 days after stroke by DTI and T2-weighted MRI. We measured fractional anisotropy (FA), averaged diffusivity (Dav), eigenvalues of the diffusion tensor and T2-weighted signal in the cerebral peduncle and compared these values between the affected and the unaffected side and between patients and six controls. FA was significantly reduced on the affected side compared to the unaffected side and compared to the control group. The largest eigenvalue was reduced, whereas the smallest eigenvalue was elevated on the affected side. There was no significant difference in T2-weighted signal and Dav. The decrease of anisotropy correlated positively with the motor deficit at the time of DTI study and 90 days after stroke. The reduction of anisotropy mirrors the disintegration of axonal structures, as it occurs in the early phase of Wallerian degeneration. DTI detects changes of water diffusion related to beginning pyramidal tract degeneration within the first 2 weeks after stroke that are not yet visible in conventional T2-weighted or orientationally averaged diffusion weighted MRI. We demonstrated for the first time a correlation of early DTI findings of pyramidal tract damage with the motor deficit. DTI can help prognosing recovery of motor function after stroke within the early subacute phase.

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“(5) In neuroimaging, DTI analyses of FA and MD have shown their potential in various disorders such as multiple sclerosis,(6,7) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,(8,9) cerebral neoplasm,(10) ischemia,(11,12) epilepsy,(13,14) human brain development,(15) and Alzheimer’s disease.”
Background
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“Studies of Wallerian degeneration effects on diffusion found that along with an increase in λT there is a reduction in λ1 after ischemic stroke (Thomalla et al., 2004; Pierpaoli et al., 2001).”
Background
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Background
Longitudinal Investigations on the Anterograde and Retrograde Degeneration in the Pyramidal Tract following Pontine Infarction with Diffusion Tensor Imaging
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“It is hard to study anterograde degeneration using conventional magnetic resonance (MR) T2-weighted or diffusion-weighted images in that it is only occasionally detected as hyperintensity [ , ,”
Background
Wallerian Degeneration of the Corticofugal Tracts in Chronic Stroke: A Pilot Study Relating Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, and Hand Function
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“Vines et al. (2008) had shown that dual stimulation of both motor cortices lead to greater gains in learning motor sequences than unihemipsheric stimulation.”
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“Based on the published literature on secondary degeneration of CST, it appears that no obvious changes in MD can be detected in the early subacute stage of WD (Thomalla et al., 2004), whereas, in the chronic stage, the increase in MD becomes obvious (Pierpaoli et al.”
Background
Diffusion Tensor Analysis With Invariant Gradients and Rotation Tangents
Kindlmann, G., Ennis, D. B., Whitaker, R., & Westin, C. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2007.907277 · Cited by 67
“to disease (or other biological processes) are so consistently reported in terms of changes in FA [3], [5], [8], [49]–[52].”
Background
Geodesic-Loxodromes for Diffusion Tensor Interpolation and Difference Measurement
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“Fractional anisotropy (FA) indicates the directional dependence of diffusion, and is currently the mainstay of DTI applications, because FA changes are associated with many neurological or psychiatric conditions [4,5,6].”
Background
Differences in Brain Structure and Function in Older Adults with Self-Reported Disabling and Nondisabling Chronic Low Back Pain
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“In these studies, larger interhemispheric asymmetries in FA for this anatomical region have been associated with reduced motor recovery [26,27,28,29], reduced skill improvement in response to training [30] as well as motor dysfunction after stroke [27,31].”
Background
Structural Modifications of the Brain in Acclimatization to High-Altitude
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Self-citation
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“degeneration of fibers directly disrupted by lesion, similar to Wallerian degeneration.(10,11) Our previous study in acute stroke demonstrated FA reduction in the contralesional domainspecific connections in neglect patients.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
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Klistorner, A., Vootakuru, N., Wang, C., Yiannikas, C., Graham, S. L., Parratt, J., Garrick, R., Levin, N., Masters, L., Lagopoulos, J., et al. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122114 · Cited by 59
“Reduced AD is typically seen in the early (acute) stages of WD and has been ascribed to fragmentation of axons, which creates barriers to the longitudinal displacement of water molecules[63][64][27][28] [65] [66][7][67][68][69].”
Background
Neonatal DTI early after birth predicts motor outcome in preterm infants with periventricular hemorrhagic infarction
Roze, E., Benders, M. J. N. L., Kersbergen, K. J., van der Aa, N. E., Groenendaal, F., van Haastert, I. C., Leemans, A., & de Vries, L. S. (2015) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/pr.2015.94 · Cited by 56
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“…anisotropy (FA) have revealed patterns of anterograde (Wallerian) and retrograde white matter tract degeneration following focal damage 13-15, 49 , such However, in the current report we have assessed connectivity simply using averaged pairwise connection probabilities generated from a…”
Background
White Matter Integrity and Depressive Symptoms in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: The RUN DMC Study
van Uden, I. W. M., Tuladhar, A. M., de Laat, K. F., van Norden, A. G. W., Norris, D. G., van Dijk, E. J., Tendolkar, I., & de Leeuw, F. (2014) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2014.07.002 · Cited by 53
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“Consequently, we were unable to take into account additional brain damage in chronic cases, which may result from secondary infarcts/degeneration in cortical regions that were initially structurally intact but affected by perfusion abnormalities [69,70,71,72].”
Background
Abnormal white matter integrity and decision-making deficits in alcohol dependence
Zorlu, N., Gelal, F. M., Kuserli, A., Cenik, E., Durmaz, E., Sarıçiçek, A., & Gülseren, Ş. (2013) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.06.014 · Cited by 51
“Reduced FA has been associated with local edema, cerebrospinal fluid (Mukherjee et al., 2002), compromised myelin structure, changes in axonal morphologic structure, and altered interaxonal spacing of fiber bundles (Arfanakis et al., 2002; Concha et al., 2005; Thomalla et al., 2004).”
Background
Natural History and Prognostic Value of Corticospinal Tract Wallerian Degeneration in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Venkatasubramanian, C., Kleinman, J. T., Fischbein, N. J., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.113.000090 · Cited by 52
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“Such restoration to stability has been reported in which proliferation of inflammatory cells or gliosis in brain tissues surrounding the site of a stroke stabilizes the stroke [17–19].”
Background
Wallerian Degeneration in Central Nervous System: Dynamic Associations between Diffusion Indices and Their Underlying Pathology
Qin, W., Zhang, M., Piao, Y., Guo, D., Zhu, Z., Tian, X., Li, K., & Yu, C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041441 · Cited by 55
“Their findings were consistent with previous studies, using either a single or a multiple time-point data [15,18,19,28].”
MethodResult
Wallerian degeneration after spinal cord lesions in cats detected with diffusion tensor imaging
Cohen‐Adad, J., Leblond, H., Delivet-Mongrain, H., Martinez, M., Benali, H., & Rossignol, S. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.04.068 · Cited by 53
“Previous studies have notably shown that fractional anisotropy (FA) is sensitive to axon degeneration (Agosta et al., 2005; Beaulieu, 2002; Becerra et al., 1995; Budde et al., 2007; Cohen-Adad et al., 2008a; DeBoy et al., 2007; Deo et al., 2006; Ford et al., 1994; Fraidakis et al., 1998; Guleria et al., 2008; Kim et a…”
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“Although the presence of these infarcts did not impair our selection of the ample contralateral (homologous precentral gyri for Patient 1) or ipsilateral (postcentral and precentral gyri of the new lesion for Patient 9) regions in the ROI analysis of these patients, we cannot rule out the secondary degenerative effect…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Stronger prediction of motor recovery and outcome post-stroke by cortico-spinal tract integrity than functional connectivity
Lin, L. Y., Ramsey, L., Metcalf, N. V., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202504 · Cited by 51
Combination of Mn2+‐enhanced and diffusion tensor MR imaging gives complementary information about injury and regeneration in the adult rat optic nerve
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“has been suggested as a biomarker for myelin damage (49,50).”
Background
Cortical disconnection of the ipsilesional primary motor cortex is associated with gait speed and upper extremity motor impairment in chronic left hemispheric stroke
Peters, D. M., Fridriksson, J., Stewart, J. C., Richardson, J. D., Rorden, C., Bonilha, L., Middleton, A., Gleichgerrcht, E. L., & Fritz, S. L. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23829 · Cited by 50
“To improve registration between T1 and DTI spaces, the scalp-stripped (based on segmentation estimates) T1 image was nonlinearly normalized (using SPM12’s “old normalization” function) to match the undistorted FA image.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Structural brain network measures are superior to vascular burden scores in predicting early cognitive impairment in post stroke patients with small vessel disease
Du, J., Wang, Y., Zhi, N., Geng, J.-L., Cao, W., Yu, L., Mi, J., Zhou, Y., Xu, Q., Wen, W., et al. (2019) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101712 · Cited by 49
“One group (Tuladhar et al., 2016) conducted a longitudinal study to explore if structural brain network measures could predict incident dementia, and showed that thirty-two patients who developed dementia five years later showed abnormalities in structural brain network properties at baseline.”
Background
Motor Outcome for Patients with Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage Predicted Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging: An Application of Ordinal Logistic Modeling
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Ayache, S. S., Farhat, W. H., Zouari, H. G., Hosseini, H., Mylius, V., & Lefaucheur, J. (2012) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.12.83 · Cited by 49
Diffusion tensor imaging in hemorrhagic stroke
Chaudhary, N., Pandey, A. S., Gemmete, J. J., Hua, Y., Huang, Y., Gu, Y., & Xi, G. (2015) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.05.011 · Cited by 47
“This is in keeping with prior studies showing unchanged MD on the affected side PY tract in ischemic stroke patients (44, 60, 63).”
Result
Quantitative analysis along the pyramidal tract by length-normalized parameterization based on diffusion tensor tractography: Application to patients with relapsing neuromyelitis optica
Lin, F., Yu, C., Jiang, T., Li, K., Li, X., Qin, W., Sun, H., & Chan, P. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.03.055 · Cited by 47
“…for fiber tracts ROI-based and voxel-based methods are commonly used in quantitative analysis of white matter fiber tracts (Cosottini et al., 2005; Hong et al., 2004; Lim et al., 1999; Pierpaoli et al., 2001; Thomalla et al., 2004; Toosy et al., 2003; Virta et al., 1999; Wieshmann et al., 1999).”
Method
Diffusion tensor imaging at low SNR: nonmonotonic behaviors of tensor contrasts
Landman, B. A., Farrell, J. A. D., Huang, H., Prince, J. L., & Mori, S. (2008) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2008.01.034 · Cited by 46
“034 characterize changes in microarchitecture associated with stroke [4,5], white matter damage [6] and edema [7,8].”
Background
Ongoing Secondary Degeneration of the Limbic System in Patients With Ischemic Stroke: A Longitudinal MRI Study
Haque, M. E., Gabr, R. E., Hasan, K. M., George, S., Arevalo, O., Zha, A. M., Alderman, S., Jeevarajan, J. A., Mas, M. F., Zhang, X., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00154 · Cited by 45
Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Gulani, V., & Sundgren, P. C. (2006) · Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/01.wno.0000205978.86281.3e · Cited by 45
Attention‐network specific alterations of structural connectivity in the undamaged white matter in acute neglect
Umarova, R. M., Reisert, M., Beier, T., Kiselev, V. G., Klöppel, S., Kaller, C. P., Glauche, V., Mader, I., Beume, L.-A., Hennig, J., et al. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22503 · Cited by 44
“A functional-structural correlation was shown previously for acute and chronic motor stroke in the corticospi- nal tract [Borich et al., 2011; Schaechter et al., 2009; Thomalla et al., 2004; Werring et al., 2000].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Predicting Future Brain Tissue Loss From White Matter Connectivity Disruption in Ischemic Stroke
Kuceyeski, A. F., Kamel, H., Navi, B. B., Raj, A., & Iadecola, C. (2014) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.113.003645 · Cited by 45
Answering the Call: The Influence of Neuroimaging and Electrophysiological Evidence on Rehabilitation
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Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Guillain-Mollaret Triangle in Patients with Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration
Di̇nçer, A., Özyurt, O., Kaya, D., Koşak, E., Öztürk, C., Erzen, C., & Pamir, M. N. (2009) · Journal of Neuroimaging · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6569.2009.00461.x · Cited by 44
Tract-Specific and Region of Interest Analysis of Corticospinal Tract Integrity in Subcortical Ischemic Stroke: Reliability and Correlation with Motor Function of Affected Lower Extremity
Tang, P., Ko, Y.-T., Luo, Z.-A., Yeh, F.-C. F., Chen, S. A., & Tseng, W. I. (2010) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a1981 · Cited by 44
“Most studies have used ROI-based analysis of FA maps to detect white matter changes in patients with stroke.(2,6,7) Using ROI-based analysis, researchers manually select certain white matter regions with the aid of anatomic landmarks.”
BackgroundMethodResult
Why Is It Difficult to Predict Language Impairment and Outcome in Patients with Aphasia after Stroke?
Charidimou, A., Kasselimis, D. S., Varkanitsa, M., Selai, C. E., Potagas, C. M., & Evdokimidis, I. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.3988/jcn.2014.10.2.75 · Cited by 45
Correlation of Fractional Anisotropy With Motor Recovery in Patients With Stroke After Postacute Rehabilitation
Wen, H., Alshikho, M. J., Wang, Y., Luo, X., ZAFONTE, R. D., Herbert, M. R., & Wang, Q. M. (2016) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2016.04.010 · Cited by 45
Abnormally reduced primary motor cortex output is related to impaired hand function in chronic stroke
Buetefisch, C. M., Revill, K. P., Haut, M. W., Kowalski, G. M., Wischnewski, M., Pifer, M., Belagaje, S. R., Nahab, F. B., Cobia, D. J., Hu, X. P., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00715.2017 · Cited by 49
Complementary information from multi-exponential T2 relaxation and diffusion tensor imaging reveals differences between multiple sclerosis lesions
Kolind, S. H., Laule, C., Vavasour, I. M., Li, D. K. B., Traboulsee, A. L., Mädler, B., Moore, G. R. W., & MacKay, A. L. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.11.033 · Cited by 44
“…to axonal integrity, while a change inλ⊥ is thought to reflect myelin pathology (Beaulieu et al., 1996; Biton et al., 2006; Kim et al., 2006; Song et al., 2003, 2002, 2005; Sun et al., 2006a,b; Thomalla et al., 2004). bDN is the average of the three eigenvalues and represents the mean diffusivity.”
Background
Reduced corpus callosum white matter microstructural integrity revealed by diffusion tensor eigenvalues in abstinent methamphetamine addicts
Kim, I.-S., Kim, Y., Song, H., Lee, J.-J., Kwon, D.-H., Lee, H. J., Kim, M., Yoo, D., & Chang, Y. (2008) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2008.12.002 · Cited by 43
Effects of a probiotic add-on treatment on fronto-limbic brain structure, function, and perfusion in depression: Secondary neuroimaging findings of a randomized controlled trial
Yamanbaeva, G., Schaub, A.-C., Schneider, E., Schweinfurth, N., Kettelhack, C., Doll, J. P. K., Mählmann, L., Brand, S., Beglinger, C., Borgwardt, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.142 · Cited by 45
Efficiency of Fractional Anisotropy and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient on Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Prognosis of Neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Methodologic Prospective Pilot Study
Brissaud, O., Amirault, M., Villega, F., Periot, O., Chateil, J., & Michèle Allard, A. (2009) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a1805 · Cited by 42
“In adult studies, a decrease of FA value on the CP in the first 2 weeks after ischemic stroke correlated with motor deficit at the time of imaging and 3 months later, whereas no pathologic findings have been observed with T1-weighted and T2-weighted images and ADC maps in these areas.(26,27) These results in adult pat…”
Background
Diffusion Tensor Imaging Predicts Long-Term Motor Functional Outcome in Patients with Acute Supratentorial Intracranial Hemorrhage
Wang, D., Li, J., Liu, J., et al. (2012) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000341857 · Cited by 42
The role of corticospinal and extrapyramidal pathways in motor impairment after stroke
Paul, T., Cieslak, M., Hensel, L., et al. (2022) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcac301 · Cited by 41
Changes in structural integrity are correlated with motor and functional recovery after post-stroke rehabilitation
Fan, Y., Lin, K., Liu, H., et al. (2015) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-150523 · Cited by 41
Longitudinal study of diffusion tensor imaging properties of affected cortical spinal tracts in acute and chronic hemorrhagic stroke
Ma, C.-C., Liu, A., Li, Z., et al. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2013.11.032 · Cited by 41
“The reduction of FA mirrors the disintegration of neuronal fibers which occurs in the acute stage of Wallerian degeneration, and DTI can identify subtle changes in water diffusion within the first several days after onset [25].”
Background
Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Chronic Subdural Hematoma: Correlation between Clinical Signs and Fractional Anisotropy in the Pyramidal Tract
Yokoyama, K., Matsuki, M., Shimano, H., Sumioka, S., Ikenaga, T., Hanabusa, K., Yasuda, S., Inoue, H., Watanabe, T., Miyashita, M., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a1001 · Cited by 41
“These findings coincide with those of secondary degeneration caused by stroke, tumor, trauma, and so forth, as demonstrated in previous reports.(16-21) Moreover, our results showed significant improvement of the FA ratio with a rapid relief of motor weakness after hematoma removal.”
Result
A novel multi-modal platform to image molecular and elemental alterations in ischemic stroke
Caine, S., Hackett, M. J., Hou, H., Kumar, S., Maley, J. M., Ivanishvili, Z., Suen, B., Szmigielski, A., Jiang, Z., Sylvain, N. J., et al. (2016) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2016.03.006 · Cited by 41
Prediction of Outcome After Endovascular Embolectomy in Anterior Circulation Stroke Using Biomarkers
Pujol-Calderón, F., Zetterberg, H., Portelius, E., Hendèn, P. L., Rentzos, A., Karlsson, J.-E., Höglund, K., Blennow, K., & Rosengren, L. (2021) · Translational Stroke Research · doi:10.1007/s12975-021-00905-5 · Cited by 42
Non-invasive imaging of nerve regeneration
Sheikh, K. A. (2009) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.07.008 · Cited by 41
“…IH -PA Author M anuscript 2007;Golay et al., 2002;Guleria et al., 2008;Gupta et al., 2006;Ito et al., 2001;Mori et al., 1999;Pierpaoli et al., 2001;Reich et al., 2005;Thomalla et al., 2004;Trip et al., 2006;Valsasina et al., 2007;Valsasina et al., 2005;Werring et al., 2000;Zhang et al., 2009).”
Advanced MR techniques in the term-born neonate with perinatal brain injury
Rutherford, M., Ward, P., & Malamatentiou, C. (2005) · Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.siny.2005.05.005 · Cited by 40
Abnormal white matter on diffusion tensor imaging in children with new-onset seizures
Widjaja, E., Kis, A., Go, C., et al. (2012) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.10.007 · Cited by 39
“Reduced AD was considered to reflect changes in axonal integrity, either axonal loss or axonal degeneration (Kim et al., 2007; Song et al., 2003; Sun et al., 2006; Thomalla et al., 2004).”
Compromised White Matter Microstructural Integrity after Mountain Climbing: Evidence from Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Zhang, H., Lin, J., Sun, Y., Huang, Y., Ye, H., Wang, X., Yang, T., Jiang, X.-T., & Zhang, J. (2012) · High Altitude Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1089/ham.2011.1073 · Cited by 39
“The decreased WM FA found in our mountain climbers was consistent with the results from several previous studies on hypoxic/ischemic brains (Delsing et al., 2001; Kallenberg et al., 2007; Kusano et al., 2009; Thomalla et al., 2004).”
White Matter Correlates of Neuropsychological Dysfunction in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Jung, R. E., Chavez, R. S., Flores, R. A., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028373 · Cited by 39
“There are limitations to this approach, including the fact that five of the NPSLE patients had overt lesions due to stroke, which in turn could have led to Wallerian degeneration at least partially responsible for diffuse white matter changes [30].”
Background
Diffusion tensor imaging of brainstem tumors: axonal degeneration of motor and sensory tracts
Helton, K. J., Weeks, J. K., Phillips, N. S., Zou, P., Kun, L. E., Khan, R. B., Gajjar, A. J., Fouladi, M., Broniscer, A., Boop, F. A., et al. (2008) · Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics · doi:10.3171/ped/2008/1/4/270 · Cited by 39
Secondary Degeneration Detected by Combining Voxel-Based Morphometry and Tract-Based Spatial Statistics in Subcortical Strokes with Different Outcomes in Hand Function
Yin, D., Yan, X., Fan, M., Hu, Y., Men, W., Sun, L., & Song, F. (2013) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a3410 · Cited by 39
“Moreover, the early decrease of FA correlates positively with motor deficits, and the more pronounced the degeneration of the pyramidal tract, the higher the motor deficit.(13,14) A strong correlation between degeneration in the cerebral peduncle and functional outcome of the upper limbs has been detected in patients…”
Background
Brain–Computer Interface Training after Stroke Affects Patterns of Brain–Behavior Relationships in Corticospinal Motor Fibers
Young, B. M., Stamm, J. M., Song, J., Remsik, A. B., Nair, V. A., Tyler, M. E., Edwards, D. F., Caldera, K. E., Sattin, J. A., Williams, J. C., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00457 · Cited by 39
“FA measures along the CST have been shown to evolve (Schaechter et al., 2009; Lindenberg et al., 2012) and to relate to motor skill (Thomalla et al., 2004; Stinear et al., 2007; Schaechter et al., 2009) following stroke.”
BackgroundMethod
Diffusion tensor imaging of the median nerve before and after carpal tunnel release in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: feasibility study
Naraghi, A., Lobo, L. D. G., Menezes, R. J., et al. (2013) · Skeletal Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00256-013-1670-z · Cited by 38
“Indeed, previous studies in Wallerian degeneration of the pyramidal tract after acute stroke, reported relatively small changes of mean ADC values compared with changes in the mean FA values [35].”
Result
The Relationship between Diffusion Anisotropy and Time of Onset after Stroke
Bhagat, Y. A., Emery, D. J., Shuaib, A. M., Sher, F., Rizvi, N., Akhtar, N., Clare, T. L., Leatherdale, T., & Beaulieu, C. (2006) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600294 · Cited by 37
“…year after onset within the infarct (B40% to 70% decreases) and in regions downstream from the infarct such as the internal capsule, pons, and cerebral peduncles (B8% to 39% decreases) (Buffon et al, 2005; Pierpaoli et al, 2001; Thomalla et al, 2004, 2005; Werring et al, 2000; Zelaya et al, 1999).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Fast and Robust Diffusion Kurtosis Parametric Mapping Using a Three-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network
Li, Z., Gong, T., Lin, Z., He, H., Tong, Q., Li, C., Sun, Y., Feng, Y., & Zhong, J. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2919241 · Cited by 40
“Diffusion model-derived measures of microstructural properties have been helpful in clinical practice for evaluating structural integrity or damage to it by multiple diseases, including stroke [2], epilepsy [3], brain tumors [4], [5], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [6], [7], and neurodegenerative disorders [8].”
Background
Prediction of Motor Function Outcome after Intracerebral Hemorrhage Using Fractional Anisotropy Calculated from Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Kuzu, Y., Inoue, T., Kanbara, Y., et al. (2012) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000338904 · Cited by 37
Voxel-Based Analysis of Fractional Anisotropy in Post-Stroke Apathy
Yang, S., Shang, X.-Y., Tao, J., Liu, J., & Hua, P. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116168 · Cited by 36
“Given that low FA is regarded as a sign of that white matter organization has degraded [8], we expected to find lower FA values in the white matter of frontal regions of patients with post-stroke apathy, especially those regions that connect frontal cortex to subcortical regions.”
Background
Diffusion tensor imaging of the corpus callosum in healthy aging: Investigating higher order polynomial regression modelling
Pietrasik, W., Cribben, I., Olsen, F., Huang, Y., & Malykhin, N. V. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116675 · Cited by 36
Recovery of corticospinal tract with diffuse axonal injury: A diffusion tensor image study
Han, B. S., Kim, S. H., Kim, O. L., et al. (2007) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-2007-22212 · Cited by 36
“, reduced FA with increased ADC in a primary lesion, and reduced FA with preserved ADC in a degenerated tract) may allow DTI to distinguish between a primary lesion and associated Wallerian degeneration in the early stages of brain injury [13,15].”
Brain fiber tract plasticity in experimental spinal cord injury: Diffusion tensor imaging
Ramu, J., Herrera, J. J., Grill, R. J., Bockhorst, T., & Narayana, P. A. (2008) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.03.018 · Cited by 36
Progression of Pathological Changes in the Middle Cerebellar Peduncle by Diffusion Tensor Imaging Correlates With Lesser Motor Gains After Pontine Infarction
Liang, Z., Zeng, J., Zhang, C., et al. (2009) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968308331142 · Cited by 36
“The alteration of diffusivity characterized by a decrease in fractional anisotropy (FA) with the mean diffusivity (MD) unchanged or slightly increased was considered to represent WD in the pyramidal tract after a hemispheric stroke.(7-11) Cross-sectional studies found that a lower FA value in the pyramidal tract remot…”
Background
Microstructural characterization of corticospinal tract in subacute and chronic stroke patients with distal lesions by means of advanced diffusion MRI
Mastropietro, A., Rizzo, G., Fontana, L., Figini, M., Bernardini, B., Straffi, L., Marcheselli, S., Ghirmai, S., Nuzzi, N. P., Malosio, M. L., et al. (2019) · Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00234-019-02249-2 · Cited by 40
“In order to find some correlation between lesion size and fiber degeneration in both PLIC and CP, we have correlated the ILV with FA, a parameter which is largely used in clinical studies and can be sensitive to Wallerian degeneration [12, 48].”
BackgroundMethodResult
Predicting motor outcomes in stroke patients using diffusion Spectrum mri microstructural measures
Hodgson, K., Adluru, G., Richards, L. G., Majersik, J. J., Stoddard, G., Adluru, N., & DiBella, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00072 · Cited by 36
“Imaging Wallerian Degeneration Although demyelination begins in the acute phase of stroke, many studies show that significant decreases in FA, thought to reflect Wallerian degeneration, are only detectable more than 25 days after stroke (3, 35, 36) Some studies report FA can detect degeneration <16 days post-stroke (3…”
Background
The (Eigen)value of diffusion tensor imaging to investigate depression after traumatic brain injury
Maller, J. J., Thomson, R. H., Pannek, K., Rose, S., Bailey, N. W., Lewis, P., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22171 · Cited by 37
Assessment of corticospinal tract (CST) damage in acute stroke patients: Comparison of tract‐specific analysis versus segmentation of a CST template
Vargas, P., Gaudron, M., Valabrègue, R., Bertasi, E., Humbert, F., Lehéricy, S., Samson, Y., & Rosso, C. (2012) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.23870 · Cited by 32
“A decrease in FA values in the ipsilesional CST is known to be associated with and even predictive of poststroke recovery (4,6,10,31).”
Background
Lesion location impact on functional recovery of the hemiparetic upper limb
Frenkel‐Toledo, S., Fridberg, G., Ofir, S., Bartur, G., Raz, J. L., Granot, O., Handelzalts, S., & Soroker, N. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219738 · Cited by 32
Serum Neurofilament Light Chain as a Predictive Biomarker for Ischemic Stroke Outcome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Liu, D., Chen, J., Wang, X.-Y., Xin, J., Cao, R., & Liu, Z. (2020) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104813 · Cited by 33
In Vivo Evaluation of White Matter Integrity and Anterograde Transport in Visual System After Excitotoxic Retinal Injury With Multimodal MRI and OCT
Ho, L. C., Wang, B., Conner, I. P., van der Merwe, Y., Bilonick, R. A., Kim, S., Wu, E. X., Sigal, I. A., Wollstein, G., Schuman, J. S., et al. (2015) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.14-15552 · Cited by 34
Early ADC changes in motor structures predict outcome of acute stroke better than lesion volume
Rosso, C., Colliot, O., Pires, C., et al. (2010) · Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.1016/j.neurad.2010.05.001 · Cited by 31
Accuracy of Diffusion Tensor Imaging for Diagnosing Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy in Patients Showing Spinal Cord Compression
Lee, S., Lee, Y. H., Chung, T.-S., Jeong, E., Kim, S. J., Yoo, Y. H., Kim, I. S., Yoon, C.-S., Suh, J., & Park, J. H. (2015) · Korean Journal of Radiology · doi:10.3348/kjr.2015.16.6.1303 · Cited by 31
“Reduced FA values are not always consistent with elevated MD values given that FA values decrease but MD values may not increase when there are damaged fibers in the neural tissue if the damage is stabilized by gliosis in the surrounding tissue (34-36).”
Background
Relation of Retinal and Serum Lutein and Zeaxanthin to White Matter Integrity in Older Adults: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study
Mewborn, C. M., Terry, D. P., Renzi‐Hammond, L. M., Hammond, B. R., & Miller, L. S. (2017) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/acn/acx109 · Cited by 34
“Pathologic and animal studies have shown that acute axonal injury and Wallerian degeneration is accompanied by a decrease in AD (Song et al., 2003; Sun et al., 2006a, 2006b; Thomalla et al., 2004).”
The association between white matter and sleep spindles differs in young and older individuals
Gaudreault, P., Gosselin, N., Lafortune, M., Deslauriers‐Gauthier, S., Martin, N., Bouchard, M., Dubé, J., Lina, J., Doyon, J., & Carrier, J. (2018) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy113 · Cited by 36
Identification of fibers at risk for degeneration by diffusion tractography in patients at high risk for MS after a clinically isolated syndrome
Simon, J. H., Zhang, S., Laidlaw, D. H., et al. (2006) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.20719 · Cited by 30
“Loss of diffusion anisotropy, and particularly increased diffusivity perpendicular to the principal fiber direction, findings that are detected in the corpus callosum, are believed to be “signatures” of Wallerian degeneration (7,19,20).”
Background
Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging quantifies corticospinal tract microstructural organization in children with unilateral cerebral palsy
Nemanich, S. T., Mueller, B. A., & Gillick, B. T. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24744 · Cited by 29
“…figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] potential mechanism for changes in white matter organization in inferior regions of the CST after stroke is Wallerian degeneration, whereby axons distal to the injury site continue to degenerate after injury (Puig et al., 2010; Thomalla et al., 2004).”
Background

Authors: Thomalla, G., Glauche, V., Koch, M. A., Beaulieu, C., Weiller, C., & Röther, J.
Affiliations: University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
University of Alberta (CA)
Corresponding author: Thomalla, Götz
ORCID: Thomalla, Götz
Glauche, Volkmar
Koch, Martin A
Beaulieu, Christian
Weiller, Cornelius
Röther, Joachim
Venue: NeuroImage
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2004-08
Volume: 22
Issue: 4
Pages: 1767-1774
ISSN: 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.03.041
OpenAlex: W2059177186
Cited by: 438
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 18.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
Keywords: Wallerian degeneration, corticospinal tract, ischemic stroke, middle cerebral artery stroke, diffusion tensor imaging, fractional anisotropy, motor impairment, cerebral peduncle
MeSH terms: Aged, Axons, Dominance, Cerebral, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Middle Aged, Movement Disorders, Neurologic Examination, Prognosis, Pyramidal Tracts, Reference Values, Statistics as Topic, Wallerian Degeneration, Anisotropy, Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Diffusion tensor imaging detects early Wallerian degeneration of the pyramidal tract after ischemic stroke

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