Attention strongly increases oxygen metabolic response to stimulus in primary visual cortex
Open accessAbstract
Top-down attention enhances neural processing, but its effect on metabolic activity in primary visual cortex (V1) is unclear. Combined blood flow and oxygenation measurements provide the best tool for investigating modulations of oxidative metabolism. We measured the human V1 response to a peripheral low contrast stimulus using fMRI and found a larger fractional modulation of blood flow with attention compared to the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response, thus indicating a much larger modulation of oxygen metabolism than was previously thought. These findings point to different aspects of neural activity driving flow and metabolic changes to different degrees. We propose that V1 flow is driven strongly but not exclusively by the initial sensory-driven neural activity, which dominates the response in the unattended condition, while V1 oxygen metabolism is driven strongly by the overall neural activity, which is modulated by top-down signals related to attention.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The metabolic response seems capable of differentiating neural states that are intrinsically distinct, although they induce the same BOLD response.
“In more general terms, the metabolic response seems capable of differentiating neural states that are intrinsically distinct, although they induce the same BOLD response (Moradi et al., 2012).”
From Perception is associated with the brain’s metabolic response to sensory stimulation (2022) · cites this paper as Moradi et al., 2012
The Discussion says BOLD magnitude cannot be read as a simple measure of neural activity, while combined blood-flow and BOLD measurements can separate changes in flow and oxygen metabolism. The Results show a much larger metabolic response with attention, supporting the idea that metabolism provides information BOLD alone does not. But the measured BOLD responses were different—not the same—in the attended and unattended conditions, so the paper does not demonstrate that specific scenario. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages
Cox, R. W. (1996) · Computers and Biomedical Research · doi:10.1006/cbmr.1996.0014 · Cited by 10,913 · see citing works
Cortical Surface-Based Analysis
Dale, A. M., Fischl, B., & Sereno, M. I. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0395 · Cited by 10,910 · see citing works
Cortical Surface-Based Analysis
Fischl, B., Sereno, M. I., & Dale, A. M. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0396 · Cited by 6,147 · see citing works
Borders of Multiple Visual Areas in Humans Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Sereno, M. I., Dale, A. M., Reppas, J. B., Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., Brady, T. J., Rosen, B. R., & Tootell, R. B. H. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7754376 · Cited by 2,623 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms of spatial selective attention in areas V1, V2, and V4 of macaque visual cortex
Luck, S. J., Chelazzi, L., Hillyard, S. A., & Desimone, R. (1997) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1997.77.1.24 · Cited by 1,615 · see citing works
Retinotopic organization in human visual cortex and the spatial precision of functional MRI
Engel, S. A. (1997) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/7.2.181 · Cited by 1,606 · see citing works
Glial regulation of the cerebral microvasculature
Iadecola, C., & Nedergaard, M. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2003 · Cited by 1,153 · see citing works
Motter, B. C. (1993) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1993.70.3.909 · Cited by 1,055 · see citing works
Calibrated functional MRI: Mapping the dynamics of oxidative metabolism
Davis, T. L., Kwong, K. K., Weisskoff, R. M., & Rosen, B. R. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.4.1834 · Cited by 1,054 · see citing works
Mapping striate and extrastriate visual areas in human cerebral cortex.
DeYoe, E. A., Carman, G. J., Bandettini, P. A., Glickman, S., Wieser, J., Cox, R. W., Miller, D. A., & Jay Neitz, A. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.6.2382 · Cited by 1,047 · see citing works
Coupling Between Neuronal Firing, Field Potentials, and fMRI in Human Auditory Cortex
Mukamel, R., Gelbard, H., Arieli, A., Hasson, U., Fried, I., & Malach, R. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110913 · Cited by 1,023 · see citing works
Attention Increases Sensitivity of V4 Neurons
Reynolds, J. H., Pasternak, T., & Desimone, R. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81206-4 · Cited by 1,017 · see citing works
Engel, S. A., Rumelhart, D. E., Wandell, B. A., Lee, A. T.-J., Glover, G. H., Chichilnisky, E. J., & Shadlen, M. N. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/369525a0 · Cited by 977 · see citing works
The neural basis of functional brain imaging signals
Attwell, D., & Iadecola, C. (2002) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(02)02264-6 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
A physiological correlate of the 'spotlight' of visual attention
Brefczynski, J. A., & DeYoe, E. A. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/7280 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
The Retinotopy of Visual Spatial Attention
Tootell, R. B. H., Hadjikhani, N. K., Hall, E., Marrett, S., Vanduffel, W., Vaughan, J. T., & Dale, A. M. (1998) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80659-5 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Quantitative imaging of perfusion using a single subtraction (QUIPSS and QUIPSS II)
Wong, E. C., Buxton, R. B., & Frank, L. R. (1998) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910390506 · Cited by 692 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatial attention affects brain activity in human primary visual cortex
Gandhi, S., Heeger, D. J., & Boynton, G. M. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.6.3314 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Sarter, M., Hasselmo, M. E., Bruno, J. P., & Givens, B. (2005) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.08.006 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Functional MRI reveals spatially specific attentional modulation in human primary visual cortex
Somers, D. C., Dale, A. M., Seiffert, A. E., & Tootell, R. B. H. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1663 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Basal forebrain activation enhances cortical coding of natural scenes
Goard, M. J., & Dan, Y. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2402 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Acetylcholine contributes through muscarinic receptors to attentional modulation in V1
Herrero, J. L., Roberts, M. J., Delicato, L. S., Gieselmann, M. A., Dayan, P., & Thiele, A. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07141 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Attention Modulates Contextual Influences in the Primary Visual Cortex of Alert Monkeys
Ito, M., & Gilbert, C. D. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80713-8 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Anticipatory haemodynamic signals in sensory cortex not predicted by local neuronal activity
Sirotin, Y. B., & Das, A. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07664 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Fast, iterative image reconstruction for MRI in the presence of field inhomogeneities
Sutton, B. P., Noll, D. C., & Fessler, J. A. (2003) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2002.808360 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Neurometabolic coupling in cerebral cortex reflects synaptic more than spiking activity
Viswanathan, A., & Freeman, R. D. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1977 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Task difficulty modulates the activity of specific neuronal populations in primary visual cortex
Chen, Y., Martínez‐Conde, S., Macknik, S. L., Bereshpolova, Y., Swadlow, H. A., & Alonso, J. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2147 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Buxton, R. B. (2010) · Frontiers in Neuroenergetics · doi:10.3389/fnene.2010.00008 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Self-citationA signal processing model for arterial spin labeling functional MRI
Liu, T. T., & Wong, E. C. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.09.047 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Attention Modulates the Responses of Simple Cells in Monkey Primary Visual Cortex
McAdams, C. J., & Reid, R. C. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2904-05.2005 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
The Effect of Spatial Attention on Contrast Response Functions in Human Visual Cortex: Figure 1.
Buračas, G. T., & Boynton, G. M. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3162-06.2007 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Self-citationAnces, B. M., Leontiev, O., Perthen, J. E., Liang, C. L., Lansing, A. E., & Buxton, R. B. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.11.015 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationVafaee, M. S., & GJEDDE, A. H. (2000) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-200004000-00012 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Inter-ocular contrast normalization in human visual cortex
Moradi, F., & Heeger, D. J. (2009) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/9.3.13 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationSylvester, R. J., Haynes, J., & Rees, G. E. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.12.061 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Cholinergic Neural Regulation of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow
Sato, A., & Sato, Y. (1995) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-199505000-00007 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Physiological noise reduction for arterial spin labeling functional MRI
Restom, K., Behzadi, Y., & Liu, T. T. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.026 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Chiarelli, P. A., Bulte, D. P., Gallichan, D., Piechnik, S. K., Wise, R. G., & Jezzard, P. (2007) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.21171 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Correlation Between BOLD fMRI and Theta-Band Local Field Potentials in the Human Hippocampal Area
Ekstrom, A. D., Suthana, N., Millett, D., Fried, I., & Bookheimer, S. Y. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.91252.2008 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Evaluation of MRI models in the measurement of CMRO2 and its relationship with CBF
Lin, A., Fox, P. T., Yang, Y., Lu, H., Tan, L., & Gao, J. (2008) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.21655 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Spatial Attention Does Not Strongly Modulate Neuronal Responses in Early Human Visual Cortex
Yoshor, D., Ghose, G. M., Bosking, W. H., Sun, P., & Maunsell, J. H. R. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2944-07.2007 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Vallines, I., & Greenlee, M. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0817-06.2006 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Hemodynamic signals not predicted? Not so: A comment on Sirotin and Das (2009)
Handwerker, D. A., & Bandettini, P. A. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.037 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Extraretinal saccadic signals in human LGN and early retinotopic cortex
Sylvester, R. J., & Rees, G. E. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.014 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Activity in the Visual Cortex is Modulated by Top-Down Attention Locked to Reaction Time
Moradi, F., Hipp, C., & Koch, C. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.2.331 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationCortical Contributions to Saccadic Suppression
Chahine, G., & Krekelberg, B. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006900 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Glover (2000) · doi:10.1002/1522-2594(200007)44:1
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 48 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dynamic models of BOLD contrast
Buxton, R. B. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.012 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Self-citationBlockley, N. P., Griffeth, V. E. M., Simon, A. B., & Buxton, R. B. (2012) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.2847 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationMullinger, K. J., Mayhew, S. D., Bagshaw, A. P., Bowtell, R. W., & Francis, S. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.02.029 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Chen, C., & Huang, S. C. (2013) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.12119 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Chen, C., Wang, J., & Yu, C. (2015) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.12359 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Huber, L., Goense, J. B. M., Kennerley, A. J., Ivanov, D., Krieger, S. N., Lepsien, J., Trampel, R., Turner, R., & Möller, H. E. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.022 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Quantitative functional MRI: Concepts, issues and future challenges
Pike, G. B. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.046 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Perception While Watching Movies: Effects of Physical Screen Size and Scene Type
Trościanko, T., Meese, T. S., & Hinde, S. (2012) · i-Perception · doi:10.1068/i0475aap · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Mark, C. I., Mazerolle, E. L., & Chen, J. J. (2015) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.24786 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Buxton, R. B., Griffeth, V. E. M., Simon, A. B., & Moradi, F. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00139 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationWhittaker, J. R., Driver, I. D., Bright, M. G., & Murphy, K. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.023 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Post-stimulus fMRI and EEG responses: Evidence for a neuronal origin hypothesised to be inhibitory
Mullinger, K. J., Cherukara, M. T., Buxton, R. B., Francis, S., & Mayhew, S. D. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.020 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationSimon, A. B., & Buxton, R. B. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.080 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationDiNuzzo, M., Dienel, G. A., Behar, K. L., Petroff, O. A. C., Benveniste, H., Hyder, F., Giove, F., Michaeli, S., Mangia, S., Herculano‐Houzel, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15839 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Neural Pathways Conveying Novisual Information to the Visual Cortex
Qin, W., & Yu, C. (2013) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2013/864920 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Sleep homeostasis, habits and habituation
Vyazovskiy, V. V., Walton, M. E., Peirson, S. N., & Bannerman, D. M. (2017) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2017.05.002 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Liang, C. L., Ances, B. M., Perthen, J. E., Moradi, F., Liau, J., Buračas, G. T., Hopkins, S. R., & Buxton, R. B. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.08.077 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationMoradi, F., & Buxton, R. B. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.110 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationA New Functional MRI Approach for Investigating Modulations of Brain Oxygen Metabolism
Griffeth, V. E. M., Blockley, N. P., Simon, A. B., & Buxton, R. B. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068122 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationPerception is associated with the brain’s metabolic response to sensory stimulation
DiNuzzo, M., Mangia, S., Moraschi, M., Mascali, D., Hagberg, G. E., & Giove, F. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.71016 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Effects of task and attentional selection on responses in human visual cortex
Runeson, E. P., Boynton, G. M., & Murray, S. O. (2013) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00318.2012 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Sonnay, S., Duarte, J. M. N., & Just, N. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.034 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Cortical morphometry in frontoparietal and default mode networks in math‐gifted adolescents
Navas-Sánchez, F. J., Carmona, S., Alemán‐Gómez, Y., Sánchez‐Gonzalez, J., Guzmán‐De‐Villoria, J. A., Franco, C., Robles, O., Arango, C., & Desco, M. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23143 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
New horizons in neurometabolic and neurovascular coupling from calibrated fMRI
Shu, C. Y., Sanganahalli, B. G., Coman, D., Hermán, P., & Hyder, F. (2016) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.02.003 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Encoding of graded changes in spatial specificity of prior cues in human visual cortex
Hara, Y., & Gardner, J. L. (2014) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00729.2013 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Investigating intrinsic connectivity networks using simultaneous BOLD and CBF measurements
Mayhew, S. D., Mullinger, K. J., Bagshaw, A. P., Bowtell, R. W., & Francis, S. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.042 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Chiacchiaretta, P., Cerritelli, F., Bubbico, G., Perrucci, M. G., & Ferretti, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00115 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Turner, M. P., Zhao, Y., Abdelkarim, D., Liu, P., Spence, J. S., Hutchison, J. L., Sivakolundu, D. K., Thomas, B. P., Hubbard, N. A., Xu, C., et al. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac057 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Leontiev, O., Buračas, G. T., Liang, C. L., Ances, B. M., Perthen, J. E., Shmuel, A., & Buxton, R. B. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.050 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationGriffeth, V. E. M., Simon, A. B., & Buxton, R. B. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neural–vascular basis of age‐related processing speed decline
Zhao, Y., Liu, P., Turner, M. P., Abdelkarim, D., Lu, H., & Bart Rypma, A. (2021) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13845 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The energy metabolic footprint of predictive processing in the human brainPreprint
Hechler, A., de Lange, F. P., & Riedl, V. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.12.08.570804 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Blockley, N. P., Griffeth, V. E. M., Simon, A. B., & Buxton, R. B. (2015) · Biological magnetic resonance · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7591-1_9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationCMR02 Mapping by Calibrated fMRI
Hyder, F., Shu, C. Y., Hermán, P., Sanganahalli, B. G., Coman, D., & Rothman, D. L. (2013) · Series in medical physics and biomedical engineering · doi:10.1201/b14814-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chiacchiaretta, P., Tartaro, A., Salice, S., & Ferretti, A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44174-0_10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ogawa, Seiji: A Way of Reaching Brain Function with Magnetic Resonance
Ogawa, S. (1996) · Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance · doi:10.1002/9780470034590.emrhp1039 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Correction: A New Functional MRI Approach for Investigating Modulations of Brain Oxygen Metabolism
Griffeth, V. E. M., Blockley, N. P., Simon, A. B., & Buxton, R. B. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/annotation/3cbbc36b-12ee-4ec3-ae8e-14e8e7209018
Self-citationLateralisation of Parkinson symptoms and visuomotor control in gait
van der Hoorn, A. (2014) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)
Development of computational tools to assist in the reconstruction of molecular networks
Usié, A. (2014) · TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)
التکنولوجیا الإرتدائیة"wearable technology" المفهوم والتطبیقات التعلیمیة
ابراهیم, و. ی. م., & شورب, ر. ع. (2020) · تکنولوجيا التعليم سلسلة دراسات وبحوث · doi:10.21608/tesr.2020.135724
Buxton, R. B. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397025-1.00329-8
Self-citation
- Authors
- Moradi, F., Buračas, G. T., & Buxton, R. B.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Moradi, Farshad
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 601-607
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3195991
- OpenAlex
- W2033400934
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (T32-EB005970, -36722)
- UCSD Center for Functional MRI
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- top-down attention, primary visual cortex, oxygen metabolism, cerebral blood flow, BOLD signal, peripheral visual field
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Brain Mapping, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Oxygen, Spin Labels, Visual Cortex, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
