Cited by 1,445Functional Brain Connectivity StudiesAdvanced Neuroimaging Techniques and ApplicationsAdvanced MRI Techniques and Applications

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A generalized form of context-dependent psychophysiological interactions (gPPI): A comparison to standard approaches

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McLaren, Donald G., Ries, Michele L., Xu, Guofan, Johnson, Sterling C.·2012·NeuroImage

DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.068PMC PMC3376181

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Abstract

Functional MRI (fMRI) allows one to study task-related regional responses and task-dependent connectivity analysis using psychophysiological interaction (PPI) methods. The latter affords the additional opportunity to understand how brain regions interact in a task-dependent manner. The current implementation of PPI in Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM8) is configured primarily to assess connectivity differences between two task conditions, when in practice fMRI tasks frequently employ more than two conditions. Here we evaluate how a generalized form of context-dependent PPI (gPPI; http://www.nitrc.org/projects/gppi), which is configured to automatically accommodate more than two task conditions in the same PPI model by spanning the entire experimental space, compares to the standard implementation in SPM8. These comparisons are made using both simulations and an empirical dataset. In the simulated dataset, we compare the interaction beta estimates to their expected values and model fit using the Akaike information criterion (AIC). We found that interaction beta estimates in gPPI were robust to different simulated data models, were not different from the expected beta value, and had better model fits than when using standard PPI (sPPI) methods. In the empirical dataset, we compare the model fit of the gPPI approach to sPPI. We found that the gPPI approach improved model fit compared to sPPI. There were several regions that became non-significant with gPPI. These regions all showed significantly better model fits with gPPI. Also, there were several regions where task-dependent connectivity was only detected using gPPI methods, also with improved model fit. Regions that were detected with all methods had more similar model fits. These results suggest that gPPI may have greater sensitivity and specificity than standard implementation in SPM. This notion is tempered slightly as there is no gold standard; however, data simulations with a known outcome support our conclusions about gPPI. In sum, the generalized form of context-dependent PPI approach has increased flexibility of statistical modeling, and potentially improves model fit, specificity to true negative findings, and sensitivity to true positive findings.

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Authors: McLaren, D. G., Ries, M. L., Xu, G., & Johnson, S. C.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Corresponding author: Johnson, Sterling C.
ORCID: McLaren, Donald G.
Xu, Guofan
Johnson, Sterling C.
Venue: NeuroImage
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2012-07
Volume: 61
Issue: 4
Pages: 1277-1286
ISSN: 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.068
PMC: PMC3376181
OpenAlex: W2132137022
Cited by: 1,445
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 99 · 2025: 121 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 117 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 115 · 2018: 129 · 2017: 120 · 2016: 122 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 23.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Department of Veterans Affairs Merit Review (I01CX000165)
National Institutes of Health (AG021155, AG000213)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
Keywords: generalized psychophysiological interaction, functional MRI, statistical parametric mapping, model fit, Akaike information criterion, brain connectivity
MeSH terms: Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Neurological, Psychophysiology, Sensitivity and Specificity

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A generalized form of context-dependent psychophysiological interactions (gPPI): A comparison to standard approaches

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