The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 34 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli
Open accessAbstract
Meditation training can improve mood and emotion regulation, yet the neural mechanisms of these affective changes have yet to be fully elucidated. We evaluated the impact of long- and short-term mindfulness meditation training on the amygdala response to emotional pictures in a healthy, non-clinical population of adults using blood-oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging. Long-term meditators (N = 30, 16 female) had 9081 h of lifetime practice on average, primarily in mindfulness meditation. Short-term training consisted of an 8-week Mindfulness- Based Stress Reduction course (N = 32, 22 female), which was compared to an active control condition (N = 35, 19 female) in a randomized controlled trial. Meditation training was associated with less amygdala reactivity to positive pictures relative to controls, but there were no group differences in response to negative pictures. Reductions in reactivity to negative stimuli may require more practice experience or concentrated practice, as hours of retreat practice in long-term meditators was associated with lower amygdala reactivity to negative pictures - yet we did not see this relationship for practice time with MBSR. Short-term training, compared to the control intervention, also led to increased functional connectivity between the amygdala and a region implicated in emotion regulation - ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) - during affective pictures. Thus, meditation training may improve affective responding through reduced amygdala reactivity, and heightened amygdala-VMPFC connectivity during affective stimuli may reflect a potential mechanism by which MBSR exerts salutary effects on emotion regulation ability.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Long-term meditators had significantly lower right amygdala activation than meditation-naïve participants for the contrast NEGPOS > NEU (t(145)=2.66, b=0.09, p=0.01, CI=[0.02,0.15], 1 LTM and 3 MNP outliers removed, partial r = 0.20).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that the LTM categorized significantly more pictures as neutral than MNP for the negative IAPS pictures (t(119)=- 2.18, b=−0.04, p=0.03, CI=[−0.08, −0.004], 2 MNP and 1 LTM outliers removed)”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“nor with total FFMQ scores (t(148)=−0.33, b=−1.92, p=0.74, CI=[−13.44, 9.60])”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Relation between amygdala activation and self-reported reactivity
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Long-term meditators had significantly lower right amygdala activation for POS > NEU than meditation-naïve participants (t(147)=3.86, b=0.13, p=0.001, CI=[0.06,0.21], 2 MNP outliers removed, partial r = 0.26; Figure 1b)”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however there was only a marginal, non-significant difference for the contrast NEG > NEU (t(145)=1.65, b=0.06, p=0.10, CI=[−0.01,0.14], 1 LTM and 3 MNP outliers removed, partial r = 0.11; Figure 1a).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant differences in activation for the left amygdala (Table 2).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Short-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this relationship remained significant when controlling for social desirability as measured with the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability questionnaire (MCSD; Figure 3a; t(147)=−3.05, b=−4.79, p<0.01, CI=[- 7.88,−1.69])”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Relation between amygdala activation and self-reported reactivity
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Including all the available data, LTM categorized a significantly higher proportion of the pictures as neutral compared to MNP (t(122)=−2.52, b=−0.07, p=0.01, CI=[−0.12, −0.02]).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“nor with amygdala activation for POS > NEU (t(28)=0.17, b<0.01, p=0.87, CI=[0.00,0.00], 1 outlier removed), while controlling for pre-treatment baseline.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Practice duration and amygdala reactivity.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported lifetime meditation hours are accurate measures of their actual practice.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no relationship between amygdala activation for NEG > NEU with FFMQ non-reactivity (t(148)=−1.33, b=−2.19, p=0.19, CI=[−5.43,1.06])”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Relation between amygdala activation and self-reported reactivity
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 39
- Probably not a substantial claim. 31
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The long-term meditator group had considerable variability in self-reported total lifetime daily practice (mean=4,281(2,817) hours, range=954 – 13,605 hours) and in total lifetime retreat practice (mean=4,658 hours, range=258 – 29,710 hours)”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Practice duration and amygdala reactivity.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported lifetime meditation hours are accurate measures of their actual practice.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a whole-brain, voxelwise analysis did not reveal any regions in which there were differences between groups (neither for LTM versus MNP, nor MBSR versus HEP post-intervention controlling for baseline).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity: Analytic strategy.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no difference between groups in the percentage of neutral IAPS pictures categorized as neutral (t(120)=−0.45, b=−0.02, p=0.65, CI=[−0.11, 0.07], 2 LTM outliers removed).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“LTM had an average of 9,081 lifetime hours of meditation practice, ranging from 1,439 to 32,612 total hours, and which primarily consisted of mindfulness-based practices (focused attention and OM; 86 % of daily practice hours), in addition to some practice with compassion/loving kindness meditations (14% of daily practice hours).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Participants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant differences in baseline PPI measures between groups in the same sample of participants for NEG > NEU (t(63)=−.53, b=−0.05, p=0.60, CI=[−0.23,0.13])”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Short-term practice and amygdala functional connectivity.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We tested separately by valence to decompose this effect and found that LTM had lower amygdala activation than MNP specifically to positive pictures, but not negative pictures (for which there was only a marginal difference between groups).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since there was a significant difference in the POS > NEU PPI effect by gender we also tested for group differences controlling for gender, and there were no changes in the result.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term practice and amygdala functional connectivity.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we did not find a relationship between the percent of negative and positive pictures that LTM categorized as neutral and the amygdala activation, and there was only a trend-level relationship with amygdala-VMPFC connectivity during negative versus neutral pictures.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, long term meditators’ total lifetime practice while on retreat predicted reduced amygdala activation to negative pictures, while total hours of non-retreat practice (i.e. totally daily practice hours over the lifetime) was not associated with amygdala reactivity.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no scans with greater than 25% of the data censored for motion, and thus no participants or scans were excluded for excessive motion.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The LTM did not differ from the MNP in terms of age, gender, motion during the fMRI task, level of education, or socio-economic status measured with the Hollingshead index (Hollingshead, 1975), nor were there statistically significant effects of any of these demographic factors on any of the outcome variables, except in 2 cases as described in the Results section.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hollingshead, 1975
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The intervention and randomization procedures were identical to that detailed by MacCoon et al. (2012)”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacCoon et al., 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Improvements in affective responses following mindfulness meditation training have also been shown in non-clinical populations, including reductions in emotional interference (Ortner et al., 2007) and decreased negative mood (Jha et al., 2010).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ortner et al., 2007 source
- Not checked yetcites Jha et al., 2010
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All findings remain consistent when outliers are included in the model, except in 3 cases as noted in the text.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 3Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, research in non-human primates indicates functional specificity of VMPFC for value updating (Rudebeck et al., 2013), providing evidence that VMPFC automatically processes information regarding the changing salience of stimuli.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rudebeck et al., 2013 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Non-human primate research reveals a specific mechanism for these effects whereby monosynaptic input to basolateral amygdala from MPFC inhibits activity from the central nucleus of the amygdala (Kim et al., 2011).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kim et al., 2011 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we compared post-training right amygdala activation in participants randomized to MBSR with the active control condition (HEP), while controlling for pre-treatment baseline activation (i.e. an analysis of covariance approach - ANCOVA).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Short-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the results remained the same when age was not included as a covariate.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Practice duration and amygdala reactivity.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ; Baer et al., 2006), which includes a sub-scale that was used as a self-report measure of non-reactivity.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baer et al., 2006 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“a validated, active control condition (the health enhancement program; HEP) that was matched for intervention effects non-specific to mindfulness meditation (MacCoon et al., 2012).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacCoon et al., 2012 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Functional amygdala ROIs were identified from the contrast of Negative>Neutral IAPS pictures during a 4 s picture presentation period (analogous to the task used in the current study except participants did not make a button press response) and using data from an independent sample of 90 participants enrolled in a separate study (mean age(SD)=45.1(10.0) years, 52 female) (Grupe et al., 2017).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grupe et al., 2017
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The amygdala is central to emotion generation (Phelps and LeDoux, 2005) and regulation (Buhle et al., 2014), and VMPFC is implicated in automatic emotion regulation (Phelps et al., 2004; Urry et al., 2006), possibly through functional coupling with the amygdala (Banks et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2012).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Introduction
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Experimenters were blind to the group assignment of meditation-naïve participants during data collection for the RCT.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Participants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“using a-priori amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) regions of interest (ROIs).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Introduction
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We included a covariate to control for whether participants’ behavioral data was collected concurrently in the scanner, or online afterward, and the results are consistent whether or not this covariate is included.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 84Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Affect labeling is a process which may engage automatic emotion regulation even absent an intention to volitionally regulate emotion, as affect labeling has been shown to dampen the amygdala response (Lieberman et al., 2007).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lieberman et al., 2007 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We recruited a larger sample of MNP than LTM, due to the unique study design that incorporated an RCT for which we needed at least 30 MNP participants per group following randomization.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Participants
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We controlled for age in the following analyses, as it was correlated with log total practice time (r=0.30 with daily practice, and r=0.15 with retreat practice), and 2 outliers were removed from all of the analyses with practice hours.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Practice duration and amygdala reactivity.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“can improve emotion regulation, ameliorate symptoms underlying anxiety and depression and boost positive mood (Goyal et al., 2014; Hofmann et al., 2010; Jain et al., 2007).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To further address motion, high motion time points with a framewise displacement larger than 0.9 mm (Siegel et al., 2014) were modeled out of the data with an individual regressor.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Siegel et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“MBSR has been shown to lead to reduced negative experience (Goldin and Gross, 2010; Kaviani et al., 2011) and quicker recovery from a negative challenge (Britton et al., 2012; Raes et al., 2009).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Introduction
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Extinction learning is another example of and automatic emotion regulation process and involves both amygdala and VMPFC (Phelps et al., 2004).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Phelps et al., 2004 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that MBSR significantly increased the amygdala-VMPFC PPI effect relative to HEP training for both negative versus neutral pictures and positive versus neutral pictures lends further support to this explanation, and implies a similar emotion regulatory mechanism for reducing reactivity to affective stimuli independent of valence.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants in the MBSR group received the same intervention and were recruited from the same geographic community (in Madison, WI), whereas the LTM had larger variation in practice type, duration and geographic location.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the current had no direct, objective measures of emotion regulation behavior.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One mechanism that could lead to decreased emotional reactivity with practice in mindfulness meditation is through increased exposure to the arising and passing of emotions accompanied by this new habit of attending to the experience non-reactively.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The LTM likely also had greater variability in their motivations for engaging in practice.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, individual differences in factors relating to participants’ choice and ability to go on retreat may be important to consider in relation to their emotional reactivity”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“We have argued in other contexts that this form of emotion regulation is ubiquitous and is likely the most common form of emotion regulation in everyday life (Lapate et al., 2014).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lapate et al., 2014 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of the current study extend this literature in novel ways by demonstrating similar effects with a much stronger, RCT design combined with cross-sectional data from LTM.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The inverse relationship between OM retreat practice and reactivity to negative IAPS, combined with non-significant group differences in amygdala reactivity to negative IAPS implies that altering the response to negative affect may require more intense practice over time (specifically in OM meditation).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pattern of behavioral results mirrors the pattern of results in the fMRI data and lends further support to the hypothesis that longterm mindfulness meditation training improves emotion regulation through a reduction in emotional reactivity.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the long-term meditators had a daily practice that included OM meditation, and so engaging in this style of practice while on retreat appears to be particularly beneficial.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since participants in this study were instructed to make a button press to indicate the valence of the IAPS, this brought awareness to the source of affective information very explicitly. Thus, the affective experience induced from the IAPS was less likely to be misattributed to the neutral face stimuli.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, participants with mindfulness meditation training may have more easily or robustly engaged this automatic form of emotion regulation due to the affect labeling component of the task, possibly leading to lower amygdala reactivity.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Prior research has dissociated the neural basis of pleasure from that of the “wanting” associated with approach behavior (Smith et al., 2011).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith et al., 2011 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Furthermore, research has shown that affect labeling can serve as a form of implicit emotion regulation and result in dampening of the amygdala response, which was associated with increased ventrolateral PFC activation mediated by VMPFC (Lieberman et al., 2007).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lieberman et al., 2007 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The exploratory nature of our behavioral analysis, and the technical difficulties with recording button responses in the scanner, greatly limited inference from these results, as well as our power to detect an effect.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is likely that the amygdala, a key node in the salience network, marks wanting more than liking whereas the work of Berridge and colleagues suggests that local circuitry within the ventral pallidum is uniquely associated with liking (Smith et al., 2011).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith et al., 2011 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Labeling experiences – including affective experiences – is also a component of mindfulness mediation training, and has been previously proposed as one possible mechanism by which such practices train emotion regulation (Lutz et al., 2008).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lutz et al., 2008 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the lack of relationships between individual differences in amygdala reactivity and the amount of MBSR practice (e.g. variation in the degree to which participants engaged in at-home practice, or ‘homework’ during MBSR) may also indicate an important distinction between short- and long-term practice: it may be that there is a more “all-or-nothing” effect of exposure to MBSR in terms of”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Recent evidence that behavioral measures of mindfulness were associated with decreased attentional capture to rewarding stimuli provide additional evidence for this interpretation (Levinson et al., 2014).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Levinson et al., 2014 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The fact that we found a relationship between hours of retreat practice and reduced amygdala reactivity, but not with amygdala-VMPFC connectivity lends further support to the idea that increased connectivity may only occur at earlier stages of practice, and fits with the nonlinear dosage-response curve of mindfulness meditation training (Brefczynski-Lewis et al., 2007).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brefczynski-Lewis et al., 2007 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings provide novel evidence that training in mindfulness meditation alters the neural circuitry of automatic emotion regulation, which may be instantiated early on by modulating connectivity between the VMPFC and amygdala.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the valence labeling aspect of the task likely contributed to the lack of a valence effect on the subsequent neutral face response, it also likely allowed us to more easily assess individual differences in the ability to engage with automatic (i.e. implicit) emotion regulation processes during the IAPS presentations.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We attempted to minimize such variation by recruiting LTM who had similar practice that included primarily mindfulness-based meditation.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On this view, with long-term training the reduction in reactivity to affective stimuli becomes more automatic such that VMPFC recruitment is less necessary.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of course, the fact that short-term MBSR training produced alterations in amygdala-VMPFC connectivity not seen among the LTM can also be due to other factors.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that short-term MBSR training affected amygdala-VMPFC functional connectivity in ways that we did not detect in participants with long-term training is revealing and implies a curvilinear trajectory in the neural changes required for learning the skill of non-reactivity.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present study provides evidence that long and short-term training in mindfulness meditation improves automatic emotion regulation and elucidates the neural correlates of this improvement.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Automatic emotion regulation occurs without volitional attention and without explicit instructions.
“Automatic emotion regulation is assumed to be a process that occurs in the absence of volitional attention and without explicit instructions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
How mindfulness meditation training changes affective processing at the neural level, particularly in studies with active controls and connectivity analyses, remains unclear.
“Research on the neural mechanisms underlying these affective changes that utilizes active control conditions is sparse, and systematic examination of the impact of mindfulness meditation training on functional connectivity in emotion regulation networks has not been investigated.”
“Precisely how mindfulness-based meditation impacts the neural circuitry of emotion regulation remains unclear.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants' self-reported lifetime meditation hours are accurate measures of their actual practice.
“Lifetime hours of practice were calculated based on subjects reports of their average hours of formal meditation practice per week and their total years of practice.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The automatic emotion regulation task probes automatic responses to emotional pictures, and individual differences in amygdala response reflect automatic engagement of emotion regulation.
“The automatic emotion regulation task used in this study was designed to specifically probe participants’ automatic response to emotional pictures, whereby the degree to which emotion regulation processes were automatically engaged would be reflected by individual differences in the amygdala response to affective stimuli.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Retreats differ from daily practice in having longer practice duration, more continual focus with fewer distractions, greater social support or accountability, and release from daily work or family expectations.
“Retreats tend to differ from daily practice in many ways; the duration of practice is longer, the context promotes a continual focus on the goals of the training with fewer distractions than is typical for daily life, there is usually greater social support or accountability, and there is a release from daily work or family expectations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Mindfulness meditation trains attention to thoughts and emotions as they arise and pass, without avoiding discomfort or grasping at pleasant experiences.
“Mindfulness meditation provides training in paying attention to thoughts and emotions as they unfold naturally and allowing them to pass without trying to avoid discomfort or to grasp onto pleasant experiences.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Our approach to the amalgamation of mindfulness-based and mindfulness-informed interventions is based on the premise that both formal and informal mindfulness practices have the capacity to modify brain function, including amygdala function, which can have a consequential impact on individuals’ daily life beyond the practice of mindfulness per se, as demonstrated by previous research (Gotink et al”
From Mindfulness-Based and Mindfulness-Informed Interventions at the Workplace: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of RCTs (2023) · cites this paper as Kral et al., 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Indeed, meditation-induced dampening of the amygdala has been found to attenuate not just negative emotions but positive ones as well [34,35].”
From Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way (2019) · cites this paper as [35]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Non-reactivity test has more degrees of freedom than participants
MinorThe analyzed cross-sectional sample contains 121 meditation-naïve participants and 30 long-term meditators. After removing one outlier, at most 150 participants remain, so a t-test with 151 residual degrees of freedom is impossible.
“t(151)=−7.25, b=−5.36, p<0.001, CI=[−6.83,−3.90], 1 LTM outlier removed”
“This left a total of 121 MNP’s (78 female, 119 right-handed) with average age of 48.3 ± 10.8 years, and an age range of 26 – 66 years. One LTM was excluded due to a dental implant which distorted the functional fMRI data, leaving a total of 30 LTM’s”
Conflicting counts of unrecorded button responses
MinorThe methods report missing scanner responses for 85 participants, including 19 long-term meditators. The results report 84 participants, with 16 long-term meditators across the two categories given.
“Due to a technical error the button box response was not recorded for 85 participants (19 LTM)”
“Due to a technical error, button presses for 84 participants were not recorded during the scan: 23 participants (5 LTM) were completely missing the categorization data, and 61 participants (11 LTM) categorized the pictures online after the scan.”
Reported estimate falls outside its confidence interval
MinorThe estimated post-intervention group difference is −0.06, but its stated confidence interval starts at −0.01 and therefore excludes the estimate.
“b=−0.06”
“CI=[−0.01,0.47]”
Citations
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Cited by
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Items 201–300 of 326
Mohamed, E., Katz, A. M., Jafari, N., Rayapuraju, A., Reed, P. U., Hariri, S., & Subramaniam, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1595878 · Cited by 1
Gao, K.-W., Zhang, J., Mao, Y., & Wu, C. (2025) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/01430343251404942 · Cited by 1
“On the one hand, previous research showed that the duration of intervention could signi fi cantly result in different MBI outcomes (Kral et al., 2018).”
Cao, L., Balajoo, S. M., Gao, Y., Li, H., Bao, W., Zhou, Z., Zhang, L., Hu, X., Gong, Q., Genon, S., et al. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03435-w · Cited by 2
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“In addition, voxel-wise results for negative minus neutral, positive minus neutral and the average of positive and negative minus neutral image contrasts by meditation status were conducted by Kral et al. (2018), with whole-brain maps available at https://neurovault.org/collections/3755.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationMartin, B. R., & Woodruff, J. (2023) · Journal of Chiropractic Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2023.03.006 · Cited by 2
Lyon, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.003.0001 · Cited by 1
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周, 诗. (2024) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2024.142113 · Cited by 1
Sekula, A. D., Puspanathan, P., Downey, L. A., & Liknaitzky, P. (2024) · Psychoactives · doi:10.3390/psychoactives3020010 · Cited by 2
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BackgroundWong, Y.-S., Siew, S. K. H., & Yu, J. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02413-7 · Cited by 2
“…increased rsFC between the frontoparietal network and the subcortical regions such as the amygdala, and that this increased rsFC was associated with higher awareness of emotional experience and better emotional regulation (e.g., Chumachenko et al., 2021; Kral et al., 2018; Murakami et al., 2015).”
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Ilie, O., Dobrin, I., Ciobica, A. S., Chiriță, V., & Timofte, D. V. (2019) · Bulletin of Integrative Psychiatry · doi:10.36219/bpi.2019.03.02 · Cited by 1
Savanth, A. S., Vijaya, P., Nair, A. K., & Kutty, B. M. (2021) · Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology · doi:10.51201/jusst/21/06486 · Cited by 1
“An increase in functional connectivity between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) was found in Short-term meditators for affective images which shows good emotion regulation ability [10].”
BackgroundNeurobiology of Mindfulness-Based Interventions
Desormeau, P. A., & Farb, N. A. S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81245-4_10 · Cited by 1
Pemberdayaan Kader Kesehatan: Meditasi Mindfulness dan Yoga sebagai Manajemen Hipertensi
Handini, F. S., & Debora, O. (2022) · KOLABORASI JURNAL PENGABDIAN MASYARAKAT · doi:10.56359/kolaborasi.v2i4.127 · Cited by 1
“Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pada pelaku meditasi mindfulness yang melaksanakan secara rutin, dalam jangka waktu yang lama sangat membantu dalam pengendalian emosi (Kral et al., 2018).”
Favre, P., Kanske, P., Engen, H. G., & Singer, T. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/n7hdj · Cited by 1
Socioemotional Skills Development in Highly Violent Contexts: Measurements and Impacts
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Vanzhula, I. A. (2021) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/3679 · Cited by 1
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Psychophysiological effects of practicing static qigong meditation in breast cancer survivors
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Hope in Imperfection: Toward a Naturalized Theology of Grace
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The Neurocommunicator’s Toolkit
McHale, L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-7037-4_7
Favre, P., Kanske, P., Engen, H. G., & Singer, T. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6zx3k
The Brain Mechanism of Mindfulness
李, 娜. (2020) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2020.108144
“正念是一种意识状态，其特征在于对当前时刻经验的注意力自我调节，以及对这些经验的接受性和 非判断性立场 (Bishop et al., 2004) 前额叶的亚区域激活存在差异。观察到的最一致的发现是在完成正念干预后杏仁核的活动减弱 (Bauer, Caballero et al., 2019; Goldin & Gross, 2010; Hölzel et al., 2010; Kral et al., 2018) ，顶叶的激活都是增加 (Dickenson et al., 2013; Xiao et al., 2019) 。但是，海马、扣带回、岛叶在正念训练对于压力、情绪和疼痛…”
Utilizing Meditation Audio in Warrior Mind Training Treat Traumatized Firefighters
Zou, M. (2022) · BCP Social Sciences & Humanities · doi:10.54691/bcpssh.v20i.2453
“[29] During the intervention process, the method of the Warrior Mind Training program was used for those active firefighters who experienced traumatized symptoms and insomnia in a large proportion (59.”
MethodLas prácticas de integración cuerpo-mente como promotoras de estados emocionales saludables
Lozada, M., & D’Adamo, P. (2022) · Revista Ciencias de la Salud · doi:10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/revsalud/a.10714
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Third-Wave Behavior Therapy Conceptualization
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Der Werkzeugkasten des Neurokommunikators
McHale, L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-5998-1_7
Transforming Trauma: Soft Belly: Quieting Mind, Body, and Spirit
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Murphy, J. (2023) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.23664465
Meditation practice improves body balance compared to stability exercises alonePreprint
Anchisi, D., Ros, B., & Sepulcri, L. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2941993/v1
An easy and time-effective meditative approach for relaxation and rejuvenation of the body and mindPreprint
Jayswal, A., Devi, K., Deka, A., Satapathy, S. S., Singh, D., Deka, B., Deka, R. C., & Ray, S. K. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3254610/v1
Chronische Schmerzerkrankung und Mentaltechniken
Laube, W., & Daase, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-66215-1_6
Lyon, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.003.0010
Lyon, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.003.0011
Lyon, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.003.0008
Lyon, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.003.0006
Lyon, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.003.0012
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.002.0006
Lyon, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.003.0007
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.002.0003
Lyon, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.003.0004
What Is Psychedelic Experience?
Lyon, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.003.0002
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.002.0005
Lyon, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.003.0003
dos Santos, G. P. (2021) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2021.1236776
Retracted (2023) · Journal of chemical health risks · doi:10.52783/jchr.v13.i4.901
Torok, Z. A., Gavrilova, L., Patel, A., & Zawadzki, M. J. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.56287
An Exploration of the Relationship between Mindfulness and Materialism and Its Mechanisms
安, 羡. (2024) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2024.142084
宋, 雨. (2024) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2024.147465
Pratiche di accettazione, mindfulness e terapia espositiva
Carlo, E. (2024) · QUADERNI DI PSICOTERAPIA COGNITIVA · doi:10.3280/qpc54-2024oa18660
Experiential Therapy in the Virtual Realm
Laser, J. A., & Nicotera, N. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197757581.003.0009
Experiential Therapy Activities With Specific Group Characteristics
Laser, J. A., & Nicotera, N. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197757581.003.0011
Evaluating Experiential Therapy in Your Practice and Conclusions
Laser, J. A., & Nicotera, N. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197757581.003.0012
Laser, J. A., & Nicotera, N. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197757581.003.0006
Structuring Experiential Therapy Interventions
Laser, J. A., & Nicotera, N. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197757581.003.0007
Experiential Therapy in the Natural Realm
Laser, J. A., & Nicotera, N. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197757581.003.0008
Experiential Therapy Activities With Specific Populations
Laser, J. A., & Nicotera, N. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197757581.003.0010
Integrating Mindfulness With Experiential Therapy
Laser, J. A., & Nicotera, N. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197757581.003.0004
Laser, J. A., & Nicotera, N. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197757581.003.0001
Laser, J. A., & Nicotera, N. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197757581.003.0005
Understanding and Effectively Utilizing Experiential Therapy
Laser, J. A., & Nicotera, N. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780197757581.001.0001
Laser, J. A., & Nicotera, N. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197757581.003.0003
Foundations of Experiential Therapy
Laser, J. A., & Nicotera, N. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197757581.003.0002
Luo, X., Liu, Y., Chen, Z., Li, H., Zhu, L., & Yuan, H. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5125760
Breath-Counting Task Enhances the Sensitivity of Fear Acquisition
Li, X., Yang, Y., Wang, R., Zhou, L., & Zheng, X. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15030263
“Furthermore, studies indicate that mindfulness meditation can regulate amygdala function through the functional connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex, thereby facilitating emotional regulation (Kral et al., 2018).”
People Are Less Nice When in a Hurry (But Mindfulness Might Help)
Żuk, D., & Białobrzeska, O. (2025) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.70120
Pallathadka, H., & Roy, P. D. (2025) · Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology · doi:10.55544/jrasb.4.2.22 · Cited by 1
Wang, H., She, X., Wang, M., Liu, W., Wang, H., Abbey, C., Singh, M. K., Rozelle, S., & Tong, L. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108506
Effects of Meditation Practice on Body Balance Training
Anchisi, D., Ros, B., & Sepulcri, L. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02953-0
“…2023; Kozasa et al., 2012; Lutz et al., 2009), improve emotion regulation (Chambers et al., 2009; Heppner et al., 2015; Josefsson et al., 2019; Kral et al., 2018; Ong & Chua, 2021), reduce stress (Chang et al., 2004; Fink & Ruiz, 2020; Furrer et al., 2015; John et al., 2011), and improve…”
Mechanisms of Mindfulness Interventions: Perspectives from Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)
Lindsay, E. K., Berry, D. R., & Dutcher, J. M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-91451-5_6
Howard, J. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009528375.013
Predicting Trait Mindfulness by Ego Strength: The Mediating Role of Perfectionism and Alexithymia
Mansouri, J., Mohammadi, E., Amani, N., & Besharat, M. (2025) · The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam · doi:10.61882/shefa.13.4.61
Hong, J., Shelton, C. R., & Oh, H. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-097236 · Cited by 1
“36 At its core, this study asks whether a single 15 min VR-based observation meditation session augmented with AI coaching (Otti) produces greater immediate reductions in state stress and physiological arousal than a control condition, and how acceptable and usable this intervention is in a…”
Pianaro, F. L., & Pinto, T. A. S. (2025) · RECIMA21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar · doi:10.47820/recima21.v6i11.6829
Trauma-informed, Compassionate Crisis and Inpatient Care
Riches, C., Mitchell, S., & Ashton, A. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780191915543.001.0001
Does Mindfulness Reduce Automatic Preference Development?
Hutchinson, B. T., Kuczynska, J., Uddén, J., Whitmarsh, S., & Slagter, H. A. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02956-x
Wang, R., Wang, W., Kang, Y., Jiang, Y., Tang, X., Shu, Y., Zhou, J., Hu, Z., Wang, S., & Qiao, H. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262311296
“The amygdala, as a component of the limbic system [5], is closely related to the generation and regulation of pain [6], as well as anxiety [7].”
Mindfulness training enhances face working memory: evidence from the drift-diffusion model
Kou, H., Luo, W., Li, X., Wu, J., Xiao, Q., & Bi, T. (2025) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-025-00389-0
“Previous studies have shown that mindfulness reduces emotional reactivity to emotional stimuli 39 – 42 .”
Riches, C., Mitchell, S., & Ashton, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191915543.002.0004
Riches, C., Mitchell, S., & Ashton, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191915543.003.0009
Foundations and Guiding Principles
Riches, C., Mitchell, S., & Ashton, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191915543.003.0001
Riches, C., Mitchell, S., & Ashton, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191915543.003.0012
Understanding Fear and Compassion
Riches, C., Mitchell, S., & Ashton, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191915543.003.0003
Riches, C., Mitchell, S., & Ashton, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191915543.003.0006
Riches, C., Mitchell, S., & Ashton, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191915543.003.0010
Riches, C., Mitchell, S., & Ashton, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191915543.003.0002
Crisis Response and Safety Planning
Riches, C., Mitchell, S., & Ashton, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191915543.003.0004
Admission and Initial Meetings on the Ward
Riches, C., Mitchell, S., & Ashton, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191915543.003.0005
Riches, C., Mitchell, S., & Ashton, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191915543.003.0008
Structural, Historical, Cultural, and Gender Issues
Riches, C., Mitchell, S., & Ashton, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191915543.003.0011
Riches, C., Mitchell, S., & Ashton, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191915543.003.0007
Mindfulness of Pain: A Global Bibliometric Analysis from 2000 to 2024
Cai, Y.-Q., Peng, S., Bai, Q.-H., Wu, C.-S., Ma, L., Guan, C., & Zhou, G. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02822-w
“Neuroimaging studies further demonstrate that mindfulness enhances ACC and PCC activation while reducing amygdala reactivity, leading to decreased emotional responses to nociceptive stimuli (Kral et al., 2018; Zeidan et al., 2011).”
Vyas, P., Guta, B., Zhou, T. G., Himam, N. N., Uusberg, A., & MacLean, K. E. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2026.3679286
“Focusing attentiononthebreath,acentralpracticeinmindfulnessmedi-tation,alsodecreasesactivationintheamygdala(abrainregion centraltoemotionprocessing)andenhancesprefrontalregula-tionduringaversiveexperiences[23].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Kral, T. R. A., Schuyler, B. S., Mumford, J. A., Rosenkranz, M. A., Lutz, A., & Davidson, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Davidson, Richard J.
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-11
- Volume
- 181
- Pages
- 301-313
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6671286
- OpenAlex
- W2857478301
- Cited by
- 326
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 28.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (P01AT004952)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30 HD003352-449015)
- John Templeton Foundation (21337)
- Fetzer Institute (2407)
- Engineering Research Centers (617739 – BRAIN, T32GM007507)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32MH018931)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50- MH084051, R01-MH43454)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- mindfulness meditation, amygdala reactivity, emotional stimuli, mindfulness-based stress reduction, long-term meditators, emotion regulation, practice time
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amygdala, Emotions, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Time Factors, Prefrontal Cortex, Meditation, Functional Neuroimaging, Connectome, Mindfulness
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