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Visual field maps in human cortex.
Open accessAbstract
Much of the visual cortex is organized into visual field maps: nearby neurons have receptive fields at nearby locations in the image. Mammalian species generally have multiple visual field maps with each species having similar, but not identical, maps. The introduction of functional magnetic resonance imaging made it possible to identify visual field maps in human cortex, including several near (1) medial occipital (V1,V2,V3), (2) lateral occipital (LO-1,LO-2, hMT+), (3) ventral occipital (hV4, VO-1, VO-2), (4) dorsal occipital (V3A, V3B), and (5) posterior parietal cortex (IPS-0 to IPS-4). Evidence is accumulating for additional maps, including some in the frontal lobe. Cortical maps are arranged into clusters in which several maps have parallel eccentricity representations, while the angular representations within a cluster alternate in visual field sign. Visual field maps have been linked to functional and perceptual properties of the visual system at various spatial scales, ranging from the level of individual maps to map clusters to dorsal-ventral streams. We survey recent measurements of human visual field maps, describe hypotheses about the function and relationships between maps, and consider methods to improve map measurements and characterize the response properties of neurons comprising these maps.
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“It is likely that the developmental changes we document in the LOTS reflect increased sensitivity to visual inputs delivered through neighboring ventral visual areas such as hV4, VO1, and VO2 (Ben-Shachar et al., 2007; Wandell, Dumoulin, & Brewer, 2007).”
From The Development of Cortical Sensitivity to Visual Word Forms (2011) · cites this paper as Wandell et al., 2007
In the citing paper
“Hence, the circuits here provide no explanation for observed cortical maps [70],[71].”
From Towards a mathematical theory of cortical micro-circuits (2009) · cites this paper as [70]
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Ahmadi, K., Fracasso, A., Puźniak, R. J., Gouws, A. D., Yakupov, R., Speck, O., Kaufmann, J., Pestilli, F., Dumoulin, S. O., Morland, A. B., et al. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116822 · Cited by 10
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ResultZhang, W., Fei, N., Wang, Y., Yang, B., Liu, Z., Cheng, L., Li, J., Xian, J., & Fu, T. (2023) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26427 · Cited by 10
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BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAchromatopsia—Visual Cortex Stability and Plasticity in the Absence of Functional Cones
Molz, B., Herbik, A., Baseler, H. A., de Best, P., Raz, N., Gouws, A. D., Ahmadi, K., Lowndes, R., McLean, R. J., Gottlob, I., et al. (2023) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.64.13.23 · Cited by 10
“For both phase-encoded eccentricity mapping 38–40 and pRF mapping, 41 a modified, nonscaled version of the previously described stimuli was used (Fig.”
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Amaral, L., Thomas, P., Amedi, A., & Striem-Amit, E. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2320251121 · Cited by 14
Using Human Neuroimaging to Examine Top-down Modulation of Visual Perception
Sprague, T. C., & Serences, J. T. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2236-9_12 · Cited by 11
Brain-Inspired Obstacle Detection Based on the Biological Visual Pathway
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Separate spatial and temporal frequency tuning to visual motion in human MT+ measured with ECoG
Gaglianese, A., Harvey, B. M., Vansteensel, M. J., Dumoulin, S. O., Ramsey, N. F., & Petridou, N. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23361 · Cited by 10
A bilateral N2pc (N2pcb) component is elicited by search targets displayed on the vertical midline
Doro, M., Bellini, F., Brigadoi, S., Martin Eimer, A., & Dell’Acqua, R. (2019) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13512 · Cited by 10
“Whereas lateral targets fall in receptive fields of neurons localized in the contralateral occipital cortex of a single hemisphere, midline targets fall in partially overlapping receptive fields of tightly interconnected neurons bilaterally distributed in both hemispheres (Innocenti, 1986; Nakamura et al., 2008; Wande…”
BackgroundDeep learning networks reflect cytoarchitectonic features used in brain mapping
Kiwitz, K., Schiffer, C., Spitzer, H., Dickscheid, T., & Amunts, K. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78638-y · Cited by 10
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“2) [Engel et al., 1997; Fang and He, 2005; Sereno et al., 1995; Wandell et al., 2007].”
Okajima, M., & Yotsumoto, Y. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep32432 · Cited by 10
Understanding Visual Representation by Developing Receptive-Field Models
Kay, K. (2011) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/8404.003.0009 · Cited by 10
Barton, B., & Brewer, A. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2017.00004 · Cited by 10
“The dorsal portions of each VFM represent the upper visual quarterfield and border the posterior parietal VFMs along the IPS (Silver et al., 2005; Swisher et al., 2007; Silver and Kastner, 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Perspective from Cognitive Neuroscience
Kemmerer, D. L. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190682620.003.0002 · Cited by 9
Goebel, R., Muckli, L. F., & Kim, D. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374236-0.10037-9 · Cited by 13
Altered regional homogeneity in patients with diabetic vitreous hemorrhage
Zhang, Y.-Q., Zhu, F.-Y., Tang, L.-Y., Li, B., Zhu, P.-W., Shi, W.-Q., Lin, Q., Min, Y.-L., Shao, Y., & Zhou, Q. (2020) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v11.i11.501 · Cited by 10
Multiple loci for foveolar vision in macaque monkey visual cortex
Qian, M., Wang, J., Gao, Y., Chen, M., Liu, Y., Zhou, D., Lu, H. D., Zhang, X., Hu, J., & Roe, A. W. (2024) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-024-01810-4 · Cited by 9
“Following in the footsteps of others who have pioneered these methods 19,15,14 , we adapted previous methods.”
InfluentialConfirmation bias through selective readout of information encoded in human parietal cortex
Park, H., Arazi, A., Talluri, B. C., Celotto, M., Panzeri, S., Stocker, A. A., & Donner, T. H. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61010-x · Cited by 10
Spatially congruent negative BOLD responses to different stimuli do not summate in visual cortex
Wilson, R., Thomas, A. T., & Mayhew, S. D. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116891 · Cited by 9
“Based on the indications of previous work (Mayhew et al., 2013b; Shmuel et al., 2002; Smith et al., 2004; Wandell et al., 2007) we hypothesize that stimulation of spatially distinct portions of the visual field will create retinotopically specific activations (PBRs) in visual cortex but will induce spatially overlappi…”
BackgroundAssessing functional reorganization in visual cortex with simulated retinal lesions
Brown, H. D. H., Gouws, A. D., Vernon, R. J. W., Lawrence, S. J. D., Donnelly, G., Gill, L., Gale, R. P., Baseler, H. A., & Morland, A. B. (2021) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-021-02366-w · Cited by 9
Visually driven functional MRI techniques for characterization of optic neuropathy
Sujanthan, S., Shmuel, A., & Mendola, J. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.943603 · Cited by 9
“Another important feature is cortical magnification: a large portion of the visual cortex is dedicated to processing information from the central visual field, and as the distance from the fovea increases, cortical volume decreases exponentially (Wandell et al., 2007).”
BackgroundNeuro-functional modeling of near-death experiences in contexts of altered states of consciousness
Romand, R., & Ehret, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.846159 · Cited by 10
Cortex-inspired ensemble based network intrusion detection system
Muhammad, A., Murtza, I., Saadia, A., & Kifayat, K. (2023) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-023-08561-6 · Cited by 11
“These visual cortices are located on backside of each brain hemisphere [2].”
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“The fusiform, the lingual gyrus and the middle occipital gyrus are intimately involved in visual information processing [41,42].”
Shape, connectedness and dynamics in neuronal networks
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The Time Course of Inhibition of Return: Evidence from Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials
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Does TMS on V3 block conscious visual perception?
Salminen‐Vaparanta, N., Koivisto, M., Vorobyev, V., Alakurtti, K., & Revonsuo, A. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.11.013 · Cited by 9
Spatial attention modulates earliest visual processing: An electrical neuroimaging study
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“Based on source reconstruction procedures, these authors found that, unlike the C1, C2 reached its maximum amplitude along the vertical meridian and arose from the confluence of V1 and V2, where the vertical meridian would be mostly represented [28, 30, 31].”
BackgroundA Geometric Theory Integrating Human Binocular Vision With Eye Movement
Turski, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.555965 · Cited by 9
Kim, N. Y., Pinsk, M. A., & Kästner, S. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab009 · Cited by 8
Resting-state Functional Connectivity After Occipital Stroke
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Park, S., & Serences, J. T. (2022) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00300.2021 · Cited by 11
Audiovisual adaptation is expressed in spatial and decisional codes
Aller, M., Mihalik, Á., & Noppeney, U. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31549-0 · Cited by 9
“This was also reflected in the Spearman’s rank-correlation (RS) between MDS projected and true spatial locations (hA: RS(5)= 1; IPS: RS(5)= 1; IPL: RS(5)= 1).”
BackgroundResultVisual working memories are abstractions of percepts
Duan, Z., & Curtis, C. E. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.94191 · Cited by 24
“We fit a population receptive field (pRF) model with compressive spatial summation to the averaged time series across all retinotopy runs for each participant after smoothing on the surface with 5mm FWHM Gaussian kernel (Kay et al., 2013; Wandell et al., 2007).”
Decoding and encoding of visual patterns using magnetoencephalographic data represented in manifolds
Kuo, P., Chen, Y., Chen, L., & Hsieh, J. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.046 · Cited by 9
“Retinotopic mapping has been measured and defined from visual input to the neurons in the primary visual cortex by fMRI-based experimentation (Brewer et al., 2005; Engel et al., 1997; Sereno et al., 1995; Wandell et al., 2007).”
Dynamic peripheral visual performance relates to alpha activity in soccer players
Nan, W., Migotina, D. G., Wan, F., Lou, C. I., Rodrigues, J., Semedo, J. D., Vai, M. I., Pereira, J. G., Melicio, F. M., & Rosa, A. C. D. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00913 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Wandell, B. A., Dumoulin, S. O., & Brewer, A. A.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wandell, Brian A.
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-10
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 366-383
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2141073321
- Cited by
- 1,231
- References
- 179
- Citations by year
- 2026: 73 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 60
- FWCI
- 2.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 2152 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Larry L. Hillblom Foundation
- National Eye Institute (RO1 EY03164)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Keywords
- visual field maps, receptive fields, human visual cortex, lateral occipital cortex, posterior parietal cortex, functional MRI, visual system organization
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Mapping, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Anatomic, Models, Neurological, Visual Cortex, Visual Fields
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