Cited by 1,231Visual perception and processing mechanismsFace Recognition and PerceptionVisual Attention and Saliency Detection

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Visual field maps in human cortex.

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Wandell, Brian A., Dumoulin, Serge O., Brewer, Alyssa A.·2007·Neuron

DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.012

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Abstract

Much of the visual cortex is organized into visual field maps: nearby neurons have receptive fields at nearby locations in the image. Mammalian species generally have multiple visual field maps with each species having similar, but not identical, maps. The introduction of functional magnetic resonance imaging made it possible to identify visual field maps in human cortex, including several near (1) medial occipital (V1,V2,V3), (2) lateral occipital (LO-1,LO-2, hMT+), (3) ventral occipital (hV4, VO-1, VO-2), (4) dorsal occipital (V3A, V3B), and (5) posterior parietal cortex (IPS-0 to IPS-4). Evidence is accumulating for additional maps, including some in the frontal lobe. Cortical maps are arranged into clusters in which several maps have parallel eccentricity representations, while the angular representations within a cluster alternate in visual field sign. Visual field maps have been linked to functional and perceptual properties of the visual system at various spatial scales, ranging from the level of individual maps to map clusters to dorsal-ventral streams. We survey recent measurements of human visual field maps, describe hypotheses about the function and relationships between maps, and consider methods to improve map measurements and characterize the response properties of neurons comprising these maps.

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Background
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Beyond topographic representation: Decoding visuospatial attention from local activity patterns in the human frontal cortex
Kalberlah, C., Chen, Y., Heinzle, J., & Haynes, J. (2011) · International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology · doi:10.1002/ima.20278 · Cited by 6
“…a series of occipitotemporal and parietal brain areas by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies (Sereno et al., 1995, 2001; Sereno et al., 2001; Schluppeck et al., 2005; Silver et al., 2005; Silver et al., 2005; Hagler and Sereno, 2006; Jack et al., 2007; Wandell et al., 2005, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Influence of spatial frequency in visual stimuli for cVEP-based BCIs: evaluation of performance and user experience
Fernández-Rodríguez, Á., Martínez-Cagigal, V., Santamaría-Vázquez, E., Ron-Angevín, R., & Hornero, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1288438 · Cited by 6
Computational model links normalization to chemoarchitecture in the human visual system
Aqil, M., Knapen, T. H. J., & Dumoulin, S. O. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adj6102 · Cited by 7
“3, A and C) ( 41 ).”
Abnormal degree centrality as a potential imaging biomarker for ischemic stroke: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Ding, J., Tang, Z., Chen, Q., Liu, Y., Feng, C., Li, Y., & Ding, X. (2024) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137790 · Cited by 6
The resolution of face perception varies systematically across the visual field
Morsi, A. Y., Goffaux, V., & Greenwood, J. A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0303400 · Cited by 6
“These horizontal-vertical and upper-lower anisotropies consistently emerge for many elements of vision, including orientation discrimination and contrast sensitivity [11–13],and have been linked with the retinotopic organisation of the visual system [14].”
Background
Sustained attention operates via dissociable neural mechanisms across different eccentric locations
Phangwiwat, T., Phunchongharn, P., Wongsawat, Y., Chatnuntawech, I., Wang, S., Chunharas, C., Sprague, T. C., Woodman, G. F., & Itthipuripat, S. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-61171-7 · Cited by 7
“This result is consistent with the increased receptive field (RF) sizes and decreased cortical magnification factors of neurons in the early visual areas as a function of eccentricity 7,9, 40–47 .”
Result
Dissonant music engages early visual processing
Bravo, F., Glogowski, J., Stamatakis, E. A., & Herfert, K. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2320378121 · Cited by 7
“The middle occipital gyrus is considered a spatial processing region in the visual dorsal pathway (98, 99), which has also shown a functional preference for processing spatial properties of both auditory and tactile stimuli in early - blind subjects (100).”
Optimal placement of high-channel visual prostheses in human retinotopic visual cortex
van Hoof, R., Lozano, A., Wang, F., Klink, P. C., Roelfsema, P. R., & Goebel, R. (2025) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/adaeef · Cited by 6
“Retinotopic maps are ubiquitous along the visual cortical hierarchy (Wandell et al 2007), but RF sizes increase towards higher areas, reducing the spatial resolution of potential phos-phene vision.”
The Default Mode Network and Visual Network Functional Connectivity Changes in Noise‐Induced Hearing Loss Patients: A Resting‐State fMRI Study
Lian, W., Zhang, L., Wang, A., Huang, R., Zhang, H., Bao, X., & Zhang, G. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70465 · Cited by 6
“The primary visual cortex predominantly includes the calcarine sulcus, cuneus, lingual gyrus, and other brain areas, whereas the secondary visual cortex mainly includes the superior, middle, and inferior occipital gyri, as well as the adjacent temporo-occipital areas (Wandell et al. 2007).”
Social gating of sensory information during ongoing communication
Anders, S., Heussen, Y. G., Sprenger, A., Haynes, J., & Ethofer, T. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.007 · Cited by 7
Linking Multi-Modal MRI to Clinical Measures of Visual Field Loss After Stroke
Beh, A., McGraw, P. V., Webb, B. S., & Schluppeck, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.737215 · Cited by 6
Visual Motion Coherence Responses in Human Visual Cortex
Andriani, R., Papanikolaou, A., Zong, X., Papageorgiou, D. T., Keliris, G. A., & Smirnakis, S. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.719250 · Cited by 6
Enhanced Resting-State Functional Connectivity of the Nucleus Accumbens in First-Episode, Medication-Naïve Patients With Early Onset Schizophrenia
Cao, X., Li, Q., Liu, S., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Cheng, L., Yang, C., & Xu, Y. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.844519 · Cited by 6
Sex-Specific Brain Activations during Single-Leg Exercise
Park‐Braswell, K., Grooms, D. R., Shultz, S. J., Raisbeck, L. D., Rhea, C. K., & Schmitz, R. J. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.26603/001c.40367 · Cited by 6
fMRI and gene therapy in adults with CNGB3 mutation
Anderson, E. J., Dekker, T. M., Farahbakhsh, M., Hirji, N., Schwarzkopf, D. S., Michaelides, M., & Rees, G. E. (2024) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111026 · Cited by 6
“Visual areas V1-V4 were then defined using standard criteria (DeYoe et al., 1996; Engel, Glover, and Wandell, 1997; Sereno et al., 1995; Wandell, Dumoulin, and Brewer, 2007).”
Method
LARGE- AND SMALL-SCALE FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF VISUAL FIELD REPRESENTATION IN THE HUMAN VISUAL CORTEX
Yamamoto, H., Ban, H., Fukunaga, M., Tanaka, C., Umeda, M., & Ejima, Y. (2008) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · Cited by 6
Peripheral sensitivity to biological motion conveyed by first and second-order signals
Gurnsey, R., & Troje, N. F. (2009) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2009.10.020 · Cited by 6
Visual Maps: To Merge or Not To Merge
Brewer, A. A. (2009) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.016 · Cited by 6
Representation of illusory and physical rotations in human MST: A cortical site for the pinna illusion
Pan, Y., Wang, L., Wang, Z., Xu, C., Yu, W., Lothar Spillmann, A., Gu, Y., Wang, Z., & Wang, W. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23156 · Cited by 5
“…Pinna rotary illusion, we first mapped V1, V2, V3, V3A, and V4 (see methods), using established retinotopic mapping procedures [Engel et al., 1994; Sereno et al., 1995; Wandell et al., 2007], before mapping hMT1 with random dot patterns [Amano et al., 2009; Huk et al., 2002; Kolster et al., 2010].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Hemispheric differences in electrical and hemodynamic responses during hemifield visual stimulation with graded contrasts
Si, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., & Jiang, T. (2017) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.8.002018 · Cited by 6
Towards a fully spatially coded brain-computer interface: simultaneous decoding of visual eccentricity and direction
Chen, J., Hong, B., Wang, Y., Gao, X., & Zhang, D. (2019) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8856586 · Cited by 6
“The underlying neurophysiological mechanism supporting such a spatial coding strategy is known as retinotopic mapping [8-10].”
Background
Do you hear what I see? How do early blind individuals experience object motion?
Fine, I., & Park, W. J. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0460 · Cited by 6
“By contrast to the robust retinotopic organization observed in all early visual areas [13,14], no map exists for auditory location (or for proxy cues, such as interaural level or phase differences) in mammalian auditory cortex [15].”
Background
Visual cortex activity predicts subjective experience after reading books with colored letters
Colizoli, O., Murre, J. M. J., Scholte, H. S., van Es, D. M., Knapen, T. H. J., & Rouw, R. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.07.006 · Cited by 6
“Polar phase and eccentricity preference values were color-coded and projected onto an in ﬂ ated structural T1-weighted image for each subject (Wandell et al., 2007).”
MethodInfluential
Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factors treatment of wet age‐related macular degeneration: from neurophysiology to cost‐effectiveness
Vottonen, P. (2018) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.13706 · Cited by 6
“Visual information then passes to secondary visual areas known as V2, V3, V4 and V5 (Wandell et al. 2007; Burnat 2015).”
Background
Developmental Plasticity: FMRI Investigations into Human Visual Cortex
Brewer, A. A., & Barton, B. (2014) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/58277 · Cited by 6
Mouse visual cortex contains a region of enhanced spatial resolutionPreprint
van Beest, E. H., Mukherjee, S., Kirchberger, L., Schnabel, U. H., van der Togt, C., Teeuwen, R. R. M., Barsegyan, A., Meyer, A. F., Poort, J., Roelfsema, P. R., et al. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3676469 · Cited by 6
Movies reveal the fine-grained organization of infant visual cortexPreprint
Ellis, C. T., Yates, T. S., Arcaro, M. J., & Turk‐Browne, N. B. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.92119 · Cited by 6
Decoding semantic sound categories in early visual cortex
Pollicina, G., Müller, S. A., Dalton, P., & Vetter, P. (2025) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaf208 · Cited by 5
“The run lasted about 8 min, comprising 12 cycles of wedge rotation,in line with standard retinotopic polar mapping procedures (eg Wandell et al. 2007; Muckli et al. 2009; Schira et al. 2009).”
Functional organization of the human visual system at birth and across late gestation
Ayzenberg, V., & Arcaro, M. J. (2026) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2026.03.037 · Cited by 5
Contentopic mapping in ventral and dorsal association cortex: The topographical organization of manipulable object information
Almeida, J., Kristensen, S., Tal, Z., & Fracasso, A. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121514 · Cited by 5
Dissociation between Attention-Dependent and Spatially Specific Illusory Shape Responses within the Topographic Areas of the Posterior Parietal Cortex
Arsenovic, A., Ischebeck, A. K., & Zaretskaya, N. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0723-22.2022 · Cited by 6
Assessing the ecological validity of numerosity-selective neuronal populations with real-world natural scenes
Hofstetter, S., & Dumoulin, S. O. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105267 · Cited by 6
“Furthermore, the network of numerosity maps overlaps to some degree with visual field maps (Wandell et al., 2007) and the relation between the two is unclear NPO NPC1 NPC3 NF NPC2”
Influential
Cortical quantity representations of visual numerosity and timing overlap increasingly into superior cortices but remain distinct
Hendrikx, E., Paul, J. M., van Ackooij, M., der Stoep, N. V., & Harvey, B. M. (2024) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120515 · Cited by 5
“Our modeling approach follows a pRF modeling procedure (Wandell et al., 2007) as described previously (Harvey et al., 2020, 2015; Harvey and Dumoulin, 2017a; Hendrikx et al., 2022; Paul et al., 2022).”
Method
Exploring the correlation between childhood trauma experiences, inflammation, and brain activity in first-episode, drug-naive major depressive disorder
Liu, Y., Jing, Y., Gao, Y. H., Li, M., Qin, W., Xie, Y., Zhang, B., & Li, J. (2024) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-024-01847-3 · Cited by 5
“The occipital cortex, vital for visual information processing and facial emotion perception [ 40, 41 ], and the precuneus, associated with visuo-spatial imagery and memory retrieval [ 42, 43 ], exhibited decreased FC, consistent with previous research highlighting their importance in MDD [ 44, 45].”
Retinotopy drives the variation in scene responses across visual field map divisions of the occipital place area
Scrivener, C. L., Zamboni, E., Morland, A. B., & Silson, E. H. (2024) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.24.8.10 · Cited by 5
“Consistent with prior work (Silson, Groen, et al., 2016; Wandell, Dumoulin, & Brewer, 2007), all ROIs showed a clear contralateral bias.”
Result

Authors: Wandell, B. A., Dumoulin, S. O., & Brewer, A. A.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
University of California, Irvine (US)
Corresponding author: Wandell, Brian A.
ORCID: Wandell, Brian A.
Dumoulin, Serge O.
Brewer, Alyssa A.
Venue: Neuron
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-10
Volume: 56
Issue: 2
Pages: 366-383
ISSN: 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.012
OpenAlex: W2141073321
Cited by: 1,231
References: 179
Citations by year: 2026: 73 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 60
FWCI: 2.51
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 2152 d)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Neuron (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Larry L. Hillblom Foundation
National Eye Institute (RO1 EY03164)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
Keywords: visual field maps, receptive fields, human visual cortex, lateral occipital cortex, posterior parietal cortex, functional MRI, visual system organization
MeSH terms: Animals, Brain Mapping, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Anatomic, Models, Neurological, Visual Cortex, Visual Fields

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Visual field maps in human cortex.

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