The DOI matches its Crossref record; 274 of the 274 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Dopamine in Motivational Control: Rewarding, Aversive, and Alerting
Open accessAbstract
Midbrain dopamine neurons are well known for their strong responses to rewards and their critical role in positive motivation. It has become increasingly clear, however, that dopamine neurons also transmit signals related to salient but nonrewarding experiences such as aversive and alerting events. Here we review recent advances in understanding the reward and nonreward functions of dopamine. Based on this data, we propose that dopamine neurons come in multiple types that are connected with distinct brain networks and have distinct roles in motivational control. Some dopamine neurons encode motivational value, supporting brain networks for seeking, evaluation, and value learning. Others encode motivational salience, supporting brain networks for orienting, cognition, and general motivation. Both types of dopamine neurons are augmented by an alerting signal involved in rapid detection of potentially important sensory cues. We hypothesize that these dopaminergic pathways for value, salience, and alerting cooperate to support adaptive behavior.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The endogenous source for the majority of monoamines in the forebrain come from the midbrain, with serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine arising from the dorsal raphe (DR), locus coeruleus (LC), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) or substantia nigra pars compacta, respectively”
From Mechanisms of ketamine and its metabolites as antidepressants (2022) · cites this paper as Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, midbrain DA neurons constitute the mesocorticolimbic pathway critical for creating rewards and signaling aversive outcomes (55, 56).”
From Emotional Blunting in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: A Brief Non-systematic Review of Current Research (2021) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“DA neurotransmission is essential for diverse behavioral outputs, including motivation, cognition, reward learning, decision making, salience attribution, and voluntary motor control [121–127].”
From Adolescent nicotine exposure and persistent neurocircuitry changes: unveiling lifelong psychiatric risks (2025) · cites this paper as [123]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In primates, even a very mild stress can activate the dopaminergic ‘salience’ neurons that respond to both aversive and rewarding events46 and can increase dopamine release in dlPFC47.”
From Stress weakens prefrontal networks: molecular insults to higher cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [46]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“salience-signalling dopamine neurons do not differentiate the unpredicted absence of reward and aversion (right panel)”
From Aberrant Salience, Information Processing, and Dopaminergic Signaling in People at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis (2020) · cites this paper as Bromberg-Martin et al. (2010)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“(B) dopamine neurons signalling salience activate to cues predicting reward (red) and aversion (blue) (left panel)”
From Aberrant Salience, Information Processing, and Dopaminergic Signaling in People at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis (2020) · cites this paper as Bromberg-Martin et al. (2010)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“dopamine neurons activate to delivery of both salient rewarding (red) and aversive (blue) outcomes (middle panel)”
From Aberrant Salience, Information Processing, and Dopaminergic Signaling in People at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis (2020) · cites this paper as Bromberg-Martin et al. (2010)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Subsequent animal cell recordings have shown that other dopamine neurons are excited by outcomes other than rewards, and to the cues predicting these outcomes (5, 8-13).”
From Aberrant Salience, Information Processing, and Dopaminergic Signaling in People at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“dopamine signals salient outcomes.”
From Aberrant Salience, Information Processing, and Dopaminergic Signaling in People at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis (2020) · cites this paper as Bromberg-Martin et al. (2010)
In the citing paper
“Such RPE signals are projected to a decision making network including striatal, prefrontal, and insular regions (e.g., Blakemore and Robbins, 2012; Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010; Gläscher et al., 2009).”
From Cognitive flexibility in adolescence: Neural and behavioral mechanisms of reward prediction error processing in adaptive decision making during development (2015) · cites this paper as Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“distinct populations of dopamine neurons encode: 1) motivational value, whereby certain dopamine neurons are excited by appetitive stimuli, which promote approach, and inhibited by aversive stimuli, which promote withdrawal”
From Oxytocin, motivation and the role of dopamine (2014) · cites this paper as Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“2) motivational salience, as other dopamine neurons show weak responses to neutral events but are excited by salient events (i.e. regardless of whether the event was appetitive or aversive in nature (Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010).”
From Oxytocin, motivation and the role of dopamine (2014) · cites this paper as Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“Hence, dopaminergic manipulations appear to influence assignment of motivational value or salience, impacting the drive toward such rewards, rather than the pleasure derived from the reward itself (Berridge and Robinson, 1998, Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010, Salamone, 2007).”
From Oxytocin, motivation and the role of dopamine (2014) · cites this paper as Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“As discussed above, signals within certain subpopulations of dopamine neurons are hypothesized to encode motivational salience while others carry signal relating to the motivational value (appetitive versus aversive; Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010).”
From Oxytocin, motivation and the role of dopamine (2014) · cites this paper as Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“The OFC projects reward-related information to the ventral striatum (Williams et al., 1993), and this provides a route, in part via the habenula, for reward-related information to reach the dopamine neurons (Rolls, 2017), which respond inter alia to positive reward prediction error (Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010; Schultz, 2016a, 2017).”
From The orbitofrontal cortex: reward, emotion and depression (2020) · cites this paper as Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“It is now well-established that dopamine neurons can also fire in response to unexpected aversive outcomes and cues predicting punishments [45].”
From A neoHebbian framework for episodic memory; role of dopamine-dependent late LTP (2011) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“More recent work has demonstrated conditions under which dopamine cells can be driven by aversive stimuli (reviewed in [45]; see also Box 2).”
From A neoHebbian framework for episodic memory; role of dopamine-dependent late LTP (2011) · cites this paper as [45]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A neural substrate of prediction and reward
Schultz, W., Dayan, P., & Montague, P. R. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.275.5306.1593 · Cited by 9,388
Massagué, J. (1998) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.753 · Cited by 7,571
Conflict monitoring and cognitive control
Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.624 · Cited by 7,351
Rescorla, R. A. (1972) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,268
The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders
Albin, R. L., Young, A. B., & Penney, J. B. (1989) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(89)90074-x · Cited by 5,353
Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons
Schultz, W. (1998) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1 · Cited by 4,564
Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory.
Black, A. H., & Prokasy, W. F. (1972) · Appleton-Century-Crofts eBooks · Cited by 4,449
Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy
Stern, C. D. (1986) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/0197-0186(86)90021-5 · Cited by 4,160
What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?
Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (1998) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00019-8 · Cited by 4,127
Holroyd, C. B., & Coles, M. G. H. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.4.679 · Cited by 4,027
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex
Shackman, A. J., Salomons, T. V., Slagter, H. A., Fox, A. S., Winter, J. J., & Davidson, R. J. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2994 · Cited by 2,082
The mysterious motivational functions of mesolimbic dopamine
Salamone, J. D., & Correa, M. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.021 · Cited by 1,418
Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental area
Lammel, S., Lim, B. K., Ran, C., Huang, K. W., Betley, M. J., Tye, K. M., Deisseroth, K., & Malenka, R. C. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11527 · Cited by 1,300
Ventral tegmental area: cellular heterogeneity, connectivity and behaviour
Morales, M., & Margolis, E. B. (2017) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.165 · Cited by 1,108
Circuit architecture of VTA dopamine neurons revealed by systematic input-output mapping
Beier, K. T., Steinberg, E. E., DeLoach, K. E., Xie, S., Miyamichi, K., Schwarz, L., Gao, X. J., Kremer, E. J., Malenka, R. C., & Luo, L. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.015 · Cited by 1,068
Metadata
- Authors
- Bromberg-Martin, E. S., Matsumoto, M., & Hikosaka, O.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hikosaka, Okihide
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 815-834
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3032992
- OpenAlex
- W2076457657
- Cited by
- 2,396
- References
- 274
- Citations by year
- 2026: 131 · 2025: 208 · 2024: 189 · 2023: 137 · 2022: 158 · 2021: 185 · 2020: 208 · 2019: 161 · 2018: 159 · 2017: 142 · 2016: 135 · 2015: 136 · 2014: 143 · 2013: 123 · 2012: 113
- FWCI
- 8.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 EY999999)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- dopaminergic neurons, motivational control, reward, aversive stimuli, alerting, motivational salience, motivational value, value learning, orienting, midbrain dopamine, dopaminergic pathways
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arousal, Avoidance Learning, Dopamine, Humans, Mesencephalon, Motivation, Neural Pathways, Neurons, Reward
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
