The DOI matches its Crossref record; 215 of the 216 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Dealing with Danger in the CNS: The Response of the Immune System to Injury
Open accessAbstract
Fighting pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis are prerequisites for survival. Both of these functions are upheld by the immune system, though the latter is often overlooked in the context of the CNS. The mere presence of immune cells in the CNS was long considered a hallmark of pathology, but this view has been recently challenged by studies demonstrating that immunological signaling can confer pivotal neuroprotective effects on the injured CNS. In this review, we describe the temporal sequence of immunological events that follow CNS injury. Beginning with immediate changes at the injury site, including death of neural cells and release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and progressing through innate and adaptive immune responses, we describe the cascade of inflammatory mediators and the implications of their post-injury effects. We conclude by proposing a revised interpretation of immune privilege in the brain, which takes beneficial neuro-immune communications into account.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Many of the signals expressed in this subpopulation can be highly damaging to the brain. For example, Il1b and Tnf can both cause neurotoxicity (Takeuchi et al., 2006; Ye et al., 2013), and infiltrating immune cells attracted by the chemokines expressed in the Ccl4+ subpopulation can exacerbate pathology (Gadani et al., 2015).”
From Complex cell-state changes revealed by single cell RNA sequencing of 76,149 microglia throughout the mouse lifespan and in the injured brain (2018) · cites this paper as Gadani et al., 2015
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Items 201–215 of 215
González, R., Hickey, M. J., Espinosa, J. M., Nistor, G., Lane, T. E., & Keirstead, H. S. (2007) · Regenerative Medicine · doi:10.2217/17460751.2.5.771 · Cited by 55
Carrico, K. M., Vaishnav, R., & Hall, E. D. (2009) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2008.0870 · Cited by 53
T cells in the central nervous system: messengers of destruction or purveyors of protection?
Walsh, J. T., Watson, N., & Kipnis, J. (2014) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.12187 · Cited by 51
Self-citationLammertse, D. P. (2012) · Spinal Cord · doi:10.1038/sc.2012.137 · Cited by 47
Jones, L., Lammertse, D. P., Charlifue, S. W., Kirshblum, S., Apple, D. F., Ragnarsson, K. T., Poonian, D., Betz, R. R., Knoller, N., Heary, R. F., et al. (2010) · Spinal Cord · doi:10.1038/sc.2010.29 · Cited by 46
HMGB1 Protein Does Not Mediate the Inflammatory Response in Spontaneous Spinal Cord Regeneration
Dong, Y., Gu, Y., Huan, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, M., Ding, F., Gu, X., & Wang, Y. (2013) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m113.463810 · Cited by 46
Developmental expression of IL-33 in the mouse brain
Wicher, G., Husic, E., Nilsson, G. P., & Forsberg‐Nilsson, K. (2013) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.046 · Cited by 40
Effect of glycyrrhizin on traumatic brain injury in rats and its mechanism.
Gu, X.-J., Xu, J., Ma, B.-Y., Chen, G., Gu, P., Wei, D., & Hu, W. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 37
Naruo, S., Okajima, K., Taoka, Y., Uchiba, M., Nakamura, T., Okabe, H., & Takagi, K. (2003) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/08977150360547125 · Cited by 34
Beyond canonical inflammasomes: emerging pathways in IL-1-mediated autoinflammatory disease
Lukens, J. R., & Kanneganti, T. (2014) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-014-0434-8 · Cited by 30
Self-citationA FGF3 mutation associated with differential inner ear malformation, microtia, and microdontia
Ramsebner, R., Ludwig, M., Parzefall, T., Lucas, T., Baumgartner, W., Bodamer, O. A., Cengiz, F. B., Schöfer, C., Tekin, M., & Frei, K. (2009) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.20689 · Cited by 27
Daston, M. M., & Ratner, N. (1994) · Journal of Neurocytology · doi:10.1007/bf01188500 · Cited by 26
Guo, J., Li, L., Shi, Y., Wang, H., Yuan, Y., Shi, X., & Hou, S. (2014) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-014-1972-z · Cited by 18
Immune maintenance in glaucoma: boosting the body’s own neuroprotective potential
Schwartz, M., & London, A. (2009) · Journal of ocular biology, diseases, and informatics · doi:10.1007/s12177-009-9025-7 · Cited by 13
Protein kinase B is involved in Nogo-66 inhibiting neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells
Wang, H., Shen, J., Xiong, N., Zhao, H., & Chen, Y. (2011) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e32834a58e8 · Cited by 12
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 216 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 2014, Facts and figures at a glance, J. Spinal Cord Med., 37, 243
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hammond, T. R., Dufort, C., Dissing-Olesen, L., Giera, S., Young, A., Wysoker, A., Walker, A. J., Segel, M., Nemesh, J., Saunders, A., et al. (2018) · doi:10.1101/406140 · Cited by 2,225
Signaling pathways involved in ischemic stroke: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions
Qin, C., Yang, S., Chu, Y., Zhang, H., Pang, X., Chen, L., Zhou, L., Chen, M., Tian, D., & Wang, W. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01064-1 · Cited by 997
Cell transplantation therapy for spinal cord injury
Assinck, P., Duncan, G. J., Hilton, B. J., Plemel, J. R., & Tetzlaff, W. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4541 · Cited by 960
Global brain inflammation in stroke
Shi, K., Tian, D., Li, Z.-G., Ducruet, A. F., Lawton, M. T., & Shi, F. (2019) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30078-x · Cited by 951
The Biology of Regeneration Failure and Success After Spinal Cord Injury
Tran, A. P., Warren, P. M., & Silver, J. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00017.2017 · Cited by 896
Metadata
- Authors
- Gadani, S. P., Walsh, J. T., Lukens, J. R., & Kipnis, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia Medical Center (US)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lukens, John R.
- Kipnis, Jonathan
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-07
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 47-62
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4491143
- OpenAlex
- W1608593799
- Cited by
- 342
- References
- 216
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 2.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007267)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS061973, R01NS061973)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- central nervous system injury, neuroinflammation, neuroimmunology, damage-associated molecular patterns, innate immune response, adaptive immune response, neuroprotection, immune privilege, inflammatory mediators, tissue homeostasis
- MeSH terms
- Brain Injuries, Brain Ischemia, Homeostasis, Humans, Neurons, Spinal Cord Injuries, Signal Transduction, Reperfusion Injury
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
