Rescuing Over-activated Microglia Restores Cognitive Performance in Juvenile Animals of the Dp(16) Mouse Model of down Syndrome.
Open accessAbstract
Microglia are brain-resident immune cells and regulate mechanisms essential for cognitive functions. Down syndrome (DS), the most frequent cause of genetic intellectual disability, is caused by a supernumerary chromosome 21, containing also genes related to the immune system. In the hippocampus of the Dp(16) mouse model of DS and DS individuals, we found activated microglia, as assessed by their morphology; activation markers; and, for DS mice, electrophysiological profile. Accordingly, we found increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and altered interferon signaling in Dp(16) hippocampi. DS mice also showed decreased spine density and activity of hippocampal neurons and hippocampus-dependent cognitive behavioral deficits. Depletion of defective microglia or treatment with a commonly used anti-inflammatory drug rescued the neuronal spine and activity impairments and cognitive deficits in juvenile Dp(16) mice. Our results suggest an involvement of microglia in Dp(16)-mouse cognitive deficits and identify a new potential therapeutic approach for cognitive disabilities in DS individuals.
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Dp1Tyb/Dp(16)1Yey replicate some developmental and learning and memory deficits of DS.
“These mouse models have quickly become popular models of DS and replicate some of the same developmental and learning and memory deficits as individuals with DS (Goodliffe et al., 2016; Pinto et al., 2020; Lana-Elola et al., 2021).”
From Neurodevelopment in Down syndrome: Concordance in humans and models (2022) · cites this paper as Pinto et al., 2020
The Introduction says Dp(16) mice recapitulate characteristics of Down syndrome, including cognitive deficits, and the Results report deficits on cognitive tests in juvenile Dp(16) mice (pages not supplied). The paper does not establish the claim for Dp1Tyb or that both models have quickly become popular. Its Discussion also says Dp(16) mice lack marked prenatal defects in neuronal-precursor proliferation and neurogenesis, so the developmental-deficits claim needs qualification. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRecent studies using complementary mouse models of DS (Ts65Dn, Ts2Cje, Tc1, Dp16) reported an activated microglia phenotype during brain development, with functional morphological alterations and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, accompanied by a reduction of neuronal dendritic spines.
“Recent studies using complementary mouse models of DS, including Ts65Dn, Ts2Cje, Tc1, and Dp16 mice, reported an activated phenotype in microglia cells during brain development, as evidenced by functional morphological alterations and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, accompanied by a reduction of neuronal dendritic spines.26,27,28,29”
From Interferon signaling modulates Down syndrome-associated Alzheimer’s disease pathology in a mouse model (2025) · cites this paper as [26]
In an older cohort (36-67 years), deficits in microglia morphology including decreased ramification and increased cell body size were identified in samples from individuals with Down syndrome.
“In an older cohort (36–67 years), deficits in microglia morphology including decreased ramification and increased cell body size were identified in samples from individuals with DS (Pinto et al., 2020).”
From Neurodevelopment in Down syndrome: Concordance in humans and models (2022) · cites this paper as Pinto et al., 2020
A separate study identified the upregulation of microglia related genes in hippocampal samples derived from adolescents and adults with Down syndrome (13-39 years) as well as an increase in expression of IBA1, a marker of activated microglia.
“A separate study also identified the upregulation of microglia related genes in hippocampal samples derived from adolescents and adults with DS (13–39 years) as well as an increase in expression of IBA1, a marker of activated microglia.”
From Neurodevelopment in Down syndrome: Concordance in humans and models (2022) · cites this paper as Pinto et al., 2020
In Dp(16)1Yey mice, there is a decrease in spine density thought to be due to overactivated microglia, in agreement with human data.
“A decrease in spine density was found in the trisomic Dp(16)1Yey mice that is thought to be due to overactivated microglia in the trisomic animals (Pinto et al., 2020), phenotypes that are in agreement with the human data.”
From Neurodevelopment in Down syndrome: Concordance in humans and models (2022) · cites this paper as Pinto et al., 2020
The raised levels of APOE are consistent with a growing body of data indicating that the neuroimmune system differs in people with DS.
“The raised levels of APOE are consistent with a growing body of data indicating that the neuroimmune system differs in people with DS [15, 34, 46, 51, 53, 66, 67].”
From Apolipoprotein E abundance is elevated in the brains of individuals with Down syndrome–Alzheimer’s disease (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
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Impact of increased <i>APP</i> gene dose in Down syndrome and the Dp16 mouse model
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“In an older cohort (36– 67 years), deficits in microglia morphology including decreased ramification and increased cell body size were identified in samples from individuals with DS (Pinto et al., 2020).”
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IGF1 deficiency integrates stunted growth and neurodegeneration in Down syndrome
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The Roles of IL-22 and Its Receptor in the Regulation of Inflammatory Responses in the Brain
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Improving Cognition with Nutraceuticals Targeting TGF-β1 Signaling
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Astroglial and microglial pathology in Down syndrome: Focus on Alzheimer's disease
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Mechanistic Analysis of Age-Related Clinical Manifestations in Down Syndrome
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Roles of Epigenetics and Glial Cells in Drug-Induced Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Microglial CD2AP deficiency exerts protection in an Alzheimer’s disease model of amyloidosis
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Interferon receptor gene dosage determines diverse hallmarks of Down syndromePreprint
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Shaking up the silence: consequences of HMGN1 antagonizing PRC2 in the Down syndrome brain
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“The raised levels of APOE are consistent with a growing body of data indicating that the neuroimmune system differs in people with DS [15, 34, 46, 51, 53, 66, 67].”
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“19,20 26–29 Notably, both individuals with DS and mouse models of DS experience constitutive hyperactivation of interferon (IFN) signaling with signs of chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation, 30–40 that could exacerbate the neuroinflammatory response.”
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Neurodevelopmental disorders: 2022 update
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Investigating brain alterations in the Dp1Tyb mouse model of Down syndrome
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Cholinergic Senescence in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model for Down Syndrome
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- Authors
- Pinto, B., Morelli, G., Rastogi, M., Savardi, A., Fumagalli, A., Petretto, A., Bartolucci, M., Varea, E., Catelani, T., Contestabile, A., Perlini, L. E., & Cancedda, L.
- Affiliations
- Scuola Normale Superiore (IT)
- Italian Institute of Technology (IT)
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini (IT)
- Universitat de València (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Cancedda, Laura
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 887-904.e12
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7736620
- OpenAlex
- W3091844202
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 7.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository of Digital Objects for Teaching Research and Culture (University of Valencia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- European Research Council (725563)
- Telethon-Italy (TCP15021)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- Down syndrome, microglial activation, cognitive impairment, hippocampus, inflammatory cytokines, interferon signaling, neuronal activity, microglia depletion, anti-inflammatory therapy, intellectual disability, juvenile mice
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aminopyridines, Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Cognition, Disease Models, Animal, Down Syndrome, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Pyrroles, Microglia, Mice
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