The DOI matches its Crossref record; 118 of the 126 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.
The neurobiology of long COVID
Open accessAbstract
Persistent neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms affect a substantial fraction of people after COVID-19 and represent a major component of the post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, also known as long COVID. Here, we review what is understood about the pathobiology of post-acute COVID-19 impact on the CNS and discuss possible neurobiological underpinnings of the cognitive symptoms affecting COVID-19 survivors. We propose the chief mechanisms that may contribute to this emerging neurological health crisis.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Acute and long COVID encompass a wide range of neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms termed ‘brain fog’, as seen by cognitive impairment phenotypes like slower information processing speed and worse executive function [5], reflecting AD-like cognitive dysfunction.”
From What would it take to prove that a chronic infection is a causal agent in Alzheimer’s disease? (2025) · cites this paper as [5]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia
Liddelow, S. A., Guttenplan, K. A., Clarke, L. E., Bennett, F. C., Bohlen, C. J., Schirmer, L., Bennett, M. L., Münch, A. E., Chung, W.-S., Peterson, T. C., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature21029 · Cited by 7,971
Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China
Mao, L., Jin, H., Wang, M., Hu, Y., Chen, S., He, Q., Chang, J., Hong, C., Zhou, Y., Wang, D., et al. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127 · Cited by 7,166
A Unique Microglia Type Associated with Restricting Development of Alzheimer’s Disease
Keren-Shaul, H., Spinrad, A., Weiner, A., Matcovitch-Natan, O., Dvir-Szternfeld, R., Ulland, T. K., David, E., Baruch, K., Lara-Astaiso, D., Toth, B., et al. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.018 · Cited by 5,493
Fate Mapping Analysis Reveals That Adult Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages
Ginhoux, F., Greter, M., Leboeuf, M., Nandi, S., See, P., Gokhan, S., Mehler, M. F., Conway, S. J., Ng, L. G., Stanley, E. R., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1194637 · Cited by 5,175
Microglia Sculpt Postnatal Neural Circuits in an Activity and Complement-Dependent Manner
Schafer, D. P., Lehrman, E. K., Kautzman, A. G., Koyama, R., Mardinly, A. R., Yamasaki, R., Ransohoff, R. M., Greenberg, M. E., Barres, B. A., & Stevens, B. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.026 · Cited by 4,089
Complement and microglia mediate early synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models
Hong, S., Beja-Glasser, V. F., Nfonoyim, B. M., Frouin, A., Li, S., Ramakrishnan, S., Merry, K. M., Shi, Q., Rosenthal, A., Barres, B. A., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad8373 · Cited by 3,343 · cited 2×
“Whether this predicted complement-mediated signaling results in aberrantly increased synaptic pruning by microglia, as occurs in Alzheimer’s disease (Hong et al., 2016) and in West Nile virus encephalitis (Vasek et al., 2016; Garber et al., 2019), remains to be determined.”
The Classical Complement Cascade Mediates CNS Synapse Elimination
Stevens, B., Allen, N. J., Vazquez, L. E., Howell, G. R., Christopherson, K. S., Nouri, N., Micheva, K. D., Mehalow, A. K., Huberman, A. D., Stafford, B., et al. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.036 · Cited by 3,313
Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact
Davis, H. E., Assaf, G. S., McCorkell, L., Wei, H., Low, R. J., Re'em, Y., Redfield, S., Austin, J. P., & Akrami, A. (2021) · eClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101019 · Cited by 2,881
Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness
Pandharipande, P. P., Girard, T. D., Jackson, J. C., Morandi, A., Thompson, J. L., Pun, B. T., Brummel, N. E., Hughes, C. G., Vasilevskis, E. E., Shintani, A. K., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1301372 · Cited by 2,842
Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection
Helms, J., Kremer, S., Merdji, H., Clere-Jehl, R., Schenck, M., Kummerlen, C., Collange, O., Boulay, C., Fafi-Kremer, S., Ohana, M., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2008597 · Cited by 2,674
Flagged first, then by citations
7 of the 126 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Gomes, 2021, SARS-CoV-2 infection of the central nervous system in a 14-month-old child: A case report of a complete autopsy, Lancet Reg. Health. Am., 2, 100046
- Swank, 2022, Persistent circulating SARS-CoV-2 spike is associated with post-acute COVID-19 sequelae, Clin. Infect. Dis., ciac722
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Long COVID science, research and policy
Al-Aly, Z., Davis, H., McCorkell, L., Soares, L., Wulf-Hanson, S., Iwasaki, A., & Topol, E. J. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03173-6 · Cited by 538
Self-citationGreene, C., Connolly, R., Brennan, D., Laffan, A., O’Keeffe, E., Zaporojan, L., O’Callaghan, J., Thomson, B., Connolly, E., Argue, R., et al. (2024) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-024-01576-9 · Cited by 429
Mechanisms of long COVID and the path toward therapeutics
Peluso, M. J., & Deeks, S. G. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.054 · Cited by 399
Leng, A., Shah, M. M., Ahmad, S. A., Premraj, L., Wildi, K. S., Bassi, G. L., Pardo, C. A., Choi, A., & Cho, S. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12050816 · Cited by 188
Fontes-Dantas, F. L., Fernandes, G. G., Gutman, E. G., de Lima, E. V., Antonio, L. S., Hämmerle, M. B., Mota-Araujo, H. P., Colodeti, L. C., Araújo, S. M. B., Froz, G. M., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112189 · Cited by 185
Fibrin drives thromboinflammation and neuropathology in COVID-19
Ryu, J. K., Yan, Z., Montano, M., Sozmen, E. G., Dixit, K., Suryawanshi, R. K., Matsui, Y., Helmy, E., Kaushal, P., Makanani, S. K., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07873-4 · Cited by 116
Selvakumar, J. P., Havdal, L. B., Drevvatne, M., Brodwall, E. M., Berven, L. L., Stiansen-Sonerud, T., Einvik, G., Leegaard, T. M., Tjade, T., Michelsen, A. E., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.5763 · Cited by 122
Sauvé, F., Nampoothiri, S. S., Clarke, S. A., Fernandois, D., Coêlho, C. F. F., Dewisme, J., Mills, E., Ternier, G., Cotellessa, L., Iglesias, C., et al. (2023) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104784 · Cited by 109
Quan, M., Wang, X., Gong, M., Wang, Q., Li, Y., & Jia, J. (2023) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100836 · Cited by 105
Epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and management of long COVID: an update
Su, S., Zhao, Y., Zeng, N., Liu, X., Zheng, Y., Sun, J., Zhong, Y., Wu, S., Ni, S., Gong, Y.-M., et al. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02171-3 · Cited by 107
Neuron–oligodendroglial interactions in health and malignant disease
Taylor, K. R., & Monje, M. (2023) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-023-00744-3 · Cited by 106
Self-citationTaquet, M., Skórniewska, Z., Hampshire, A., Chalmers, J. D., Ho, L., Horsley, A. R., Marks, M., Poinasamy, K., Raman, B., Leavy, O. C., et al. (2023) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02525-y · Cited by 94
Cognitive dysfunction in post‐COVID‐19 condition: Mechanisms, management, and rehabilitation
Möller, M. C., Borg, K., Janson, C., Lerm, M., Normark, J., & Niward, K. (2023) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13720 · Cited by 94
Senolytic therapy alleviates physiological human brain aging and COVID-19 neuropathology
Aguado, J., Amarilla, A. A., Taherian Fard, A., Albornoz, E. A., Tyshkovskiy, A., Schwabenland, M., Chaggar, H. K., Modhiran, N., Gómez-Inclán, C., Javed, I., et al. (2023) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-023-00519-6 · Cited by 80
The knowns and unknowns of long COVID-19: from mechanisms to therapeutical approaches
Gheorghita, R. E., Șoldănescu, I., Lobiuc, A., Căliman-Sturdza, O. A., Filip, R., Constantinescu‐Bercu, A., Dimian, M., Mangul, S., & Covașă, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1344086 · Cited by 86
Serrano del Pueblo, V. M., Serrano-Heras, G., Romero Sánchez, C. M., Landete, P. P., Rojas-Bartolome, L., Feria, I., Morris, R. G. M., Strange, B., Mansilla, F., Zhang, L., et al. (2024) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awae101 · Cited by 71
de Almeida, V. M., Engel, D. F., Ricci, M. F., Cruz, C. S., Lopes, Í. S., Alves, D. A., Auriol, M. D., Magalhães, J., Machado, E. C., Rocha, V. M., et al. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2249146 · Cited by 70
Gu, X., Wang, S., Zhang, W., Li, C., Guo, L., Wang, Z., Li, H., Zhang, H., Zhou, Y., Liang, W., et al. (2023) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104851 · Cited by 68
Acıoğlu, Ç., & Elkabes, S. (2025) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-025-03360-3 · Cited by 67
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-associated anosmia
Tsukahara, T., Brann, D. H., & Datta, S. R. (2023) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00012.2023 · Cited by 62
Cognitive impairment after long COVID-19: current evidence and perspectives
Li, Z., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Z., Wang, Z., & Li, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1239182 · Cited by 70
Khan, M., Clijsters, M., Choi, S., Backaert, W., Claerhout, M., Couvreur, F., Breda, L. V., Bourgeois, F., Speleman, K., Klein, S., et al. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.11.007 · Cited by 59
Long Covid and Impaired Cognition — More Evidence and More Work to Do
Al‐Aly, Z., & Rosen, C. J. (2024) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme2400189 · Cited by 59
Haunhorst, S., Dudziak, D., Scheibenbogen, C., Seifert, M., Sotzny, F., Finke, C., Behrends, U., Aden, K., Schreiber, S., Brockmann, D., et al. (2024) · Infection · doi:10.1007/s15010-024-02386-8 · Cited by 60
COVID-19-associated monocytic encephalitis (CAME): histological and proteomic evidence from autopsy
Zhang, P., He, Z.-C., Yao, X., Tang, R., Ma, J., Luo, T., Zhu, C., Li, T., Liu, X., Zhang, D., et al. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01291-6 · Cited by 53
Díez‐Cirarda, M., Yus, M., Sánchez‐Sánchez, R., González-Rosa, J. J., González‐Escamilla, G., Gil‐Martínez, L., Delgado‐Alonso, C., Gil‐Moreno, M. J., Valles‐Salgado, M., Cano-Cano, F., et al. (2023) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104711 · Cited by 60
Cognitive domains affected post‐COVID ‐19; a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Fanshawe, J. B., Sargent, B., Badenoch, J., Saini, A., Watson, C. J., Pokrovskaya, A., Aniwattanapong, D., Conti, I., Nye, C., Burchill, E., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.16181 · Cited by 56
Mitigating neurological, cognitive, and psychiatric sequelae of COVID-19-related critical illness
Pandharipande, P. P., Roberson, S. W., Harrison, F. E., Wilson, J. E., Bastarache, J. A., & Ely, E. W. (2023) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(23)00238-2 · Cited by 46
Immunological dysfunction and mast cell activation syndrome in long COVID
Sumantri, S., & Rengganis, I. (2023) · Asia Pacific Allergy · doi:10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000022 · Cited by 45
Joffe, A. R., & Elliott, A. (2023) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/20503121231194400 · Cited by 50
Supramolecular Chiral Binding Affinity‐Achieved Efficient Synergistic Cancer Therapy
Zhou, J., Gu, J., Sun, X., Ye, Q., Wu, X., Xi, J., Han, J., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202308493 · Cited by 45
Neutrophil extracellular traps and long COVID
Shafqat, A., Omer, M. H., Albalkhi, I., Razzak, G. A., Abdulkader, H. S., Rab, S. A., Sabbah, B. N., AlKattan, K. M., & Yaqinuddin, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254310 · Cited by 49
Role of Endothelium in Cardiovascular Sequelae of Long COVID
Santoro, L., Zaccone, V., Falsetti, L., Ruggieri, V., Danese, M., Miro, C., Giorgio, A. D., Nesci, A., D’Alessandro, A., Moroncini, G., et al. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11082239 · Cited by 45
Brief Outpatient Rehabilitation Program for Post–COVID-19 Condition
Nerli, T. F., Selvakumar, J. P., Cvejic, E., Heier, I., Pedersen, M., Johnsen, T. L., & Wyller, V. B. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.50744 · Cited by 42
Rheumatology and Long COVID: lessons from the study of fibromyalgia
Clauw, D. J., & Calabrese, L. H. (2023) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard-2023-224250 · Cited by 43
Treatment of 95 post-Covid patients with SSRIs
Rus, C. P., de Vries, B. E. K., de Vries, I. E. J., Nutma, I., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-45072-9 · Cited by 36
Post-COVID-19 conditions: a systematic review on advanced magnetic resonance neuroimaging findings
Mohammadi, S., & Ghaderi, S. (2024) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-024-07427-6 · Cited by 42
Vaccination reduces central nervous system IL-1β and memory deficits after COVID-19 in mice
Vanderheiden, A., Hill, J. D., Jiang, X., Deppen, B., Bamunuarachchi, G., Soudani, N., Joshi, A., Cain, M. D., Boon, A. C. M., & Klein, R. S. (2024) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-024-01868-z · Cited by 42
Novel biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in Long COVID patients
Szögi, T., Borsos, B. N., Masic, D., Radics, B., Bella, Z., Bánfi, A., Ördög, N., Zsiros, C., Kiricsi, Á., Pankotai-Bodó, G., et al. (2024) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01398-4 · Cited by 43
Talkington, G. M., Kolluru, P., Gressett, T. E., Ismael, S., Umar, M., Acquarone, M., Solch-Ottaiano, R. J., White, A., Ouvrier, B., Paré, K., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1465787 · Cited by 39
Neurovascular coupling impairment as a mechanism for cognitive deficits in COVID-19
Owens, C. D., Pinto, C. B., Detwiler, S., Olay, L., Pinaffi‐Langley, A. C. D. C., Mukli, P., Péterfi, A., Szarvas, Z., James, J. A., Galván, V., et al. (2024) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcae080 · Cited by 36
Neuropsychiatric disorders following SARS-CoV-2 infection
Harrison, P. J., & Taquet, M. (2023) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awad008 · Cited by 34
Liu, X., Xiong, W., Ye, M., Lu, T., Yuan, K., Chang, S., Han, Y., Wang, Y., Lü, L., & Bao, Y. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01669-0 · Cited by 34
Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Long COVID) in older adults
Russell, S. J., Parker, K., Lehoczki, A., Lieberman, D. B., Partha, I. S., Scott, S. J., Phillips, L. R., Fain, M. J., & Nikolich‐Žugich, J. (2024) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01227-8 · Cited by 33
Neuroimmune pathophysiology of long COVID
Moen, J. K., Baker, C. A., & Iwasaki, A. (2025) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13855 · Cited by 38
Self-citationRole of astrocytes in sleep deprivation: accomplices, resisters, or bystanders?
Que, M., Li, Y., Wang, X., Zhan, G., Luo, X., & Zhou, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1188306 · Cited by 35
Stewart, R., Yan, K., Ellis, S. A., Bishop, C. R., Dumenil, T. D., Tang, B., Nguyen, W., Larcher, T., Parry, R. H., Sng, J. D. J., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1320856 · Cited by 34
Brain exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virions perturbs synaptic homeostasis
Partiot, E., Hirschler, A., Colomb, S., Lutz, W., Claeys, T., Delalande, F., Deffieu, M. S., Bare, Y., Roels, J. R. E., Gorda, B., et al. (2024) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-024-01657-2 · Cited by 33
Martínez‐Pozas, O., Corbellini, C., Cuenca‐Zaldívar, J. N., Oliva, E. M., Sinatti, P., & Romero, E. A. S. (2024) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.24.08540-x · Cited by 31
Microglial Inflammatory Responses to SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection: A Comprehensive Review
Dey, R., & Bishayi, B. (2023) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-023-01444-3 · Cited by 33
COVID‐19 as a trigger of Guillain‐Barré syndrome: A review of the molecular mechanism
Malekpour, M., Khanmohammadi, S., Meybodi, M. J. E., Shekouh, D., Rahmanian, M. R., Kardeh, S., & Azarpira, N. (2023) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.875 · Cited by 29
Tsilioni, I., & Theoharides, T. C. (2023) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03493-7 · Cited by 29
Shan, D., Wang, C., Crawford, T. J., & Holland, C. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-05538-5 · Cited by 27
Long COVID: Molecular Mechanisms and Detection Techniques
Constantinescu‐Bercu, A., Lobiuc, A., Căliman-Sturdza, O. A., Oita, R. C., Iavorschi, M., Pavăl, N.-E., Șoldănescu, I., Dimian, M., & Covașă, M. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25010408 · Cited by 31
The Aftermath of COVID-19: Exploring the Long-Term Effects on Organ Systems
Golzardi, M., Hromić‐Jahjefendić, A., Šutković, J., Aydın, O., Ünal‐Aydın, P., Bećirević, T., Redwan, E. M. M. M., Rubio‐Casillas, A., & Uversky, V. N. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12040913 · Cited by 29
Calzari, L., Dragani, D. F., Zanotti, L., Inglese, E., Danesi, R., Cavagnola, R., Brusati, A., Ranucci, F., Blasio, A. M. D., Persani, L., et al. (2024) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-024-01724-9 · Cited by 25
Yan, Z., Yang, M., & Lai, C. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15020533 · Cited by 28
Trevino, T. N., Almousawi, A. A., Robinson, K. F., Fogel, A., Class, J., Minshall, R. D., Tai, L. M., Richner, J. M., & Lutz, S. E. (2024) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578309 · Cited by 25
Cerebromicrovascular mechanisms contributing to long COVID: implications for neurocognitive health
Fekete, M., Lehoczki, A., Szappanos, Á., Tóth, A., Mahdi, M., Sótonyi, P., Benyó, Z., Yabluchanskiy, A., Tarantini, S., & Ungvari, Z. I. (2025) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01487-4 · Cited by 31
Ding, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, M., & Wang, S. (2025) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i10.109502 · Cited by 31
Human microglial models to study host–virus interactions
McMillan, R. E., Wang, E. Y., Carlin, A. F., & Coufal, N. G. (2023) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114375 · Cited by 24
Zhu, H., Byrnes, C., Lee, Y. T., Tuymetova, G., Duffy, H. B. D., Bakir, J. Y., Pettit, S. N., Angina, J., Springer, D., Allende, M. L., et al. (2023) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202300149r · Cited by 25
Long-Term effects of COVID-19: a review of current perspectives and mechanistic insights
Lenz, C., Slack, M., Shea, K. M., Reinert, R. R., Taysi, B. N., & Swerdlow, D. L. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Microbiology · doi:10.1080/1040841x.2023.2190405 · Cited by 28
Cataldo, S. A., Micciulli, A., Margulis, L., Cibeyra, M., DEFEO, S., Horovitz, S. G., Martino, A., Melano, R., Mena, M., Parisi, F., et al. (2024) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-024-03959-8 · Cited by 30
Scott‐Hewitt, N., Huang, Y., & Stevens, B. (2023) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15010 · Cited by 22
Direct and indirect impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the brain
Peron, J. P. S. (2023) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-023-02549-x · Cited by 25
Leitlinie S1 für das Management postviraler Zustände am Beispiel Post-COVID-19
Rabady, S., Hoffmann, K., Aigner, M., Altenberger, J., Brose, M., Costa, U. M., Denk‐Linnert, D., Gruber, S., Götzinger, F., Helbok, R., et al. (2023) · Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-023-02242-z · Cited by 23
Hanin, A., Zhang, L., Huttner, A. J., Plu, I., Mathon, B., Bielle, F., Navarro, V., Hirsch, L. J., & Hafler, D. A. (2024) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000200259 · Cited by 22
Jiang, Q., Li, G., Wang, H., Chen, W., Liang, F., Kong, H., Chen, T., Lin, L., Hong, H., & Pei, Z. (2024) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.115020 · Cited by 19
Lanz, T. V., Robinson, W. H., Ho, P. P.-K., & Steinman, L. (2023) · Clinical & Translational Immunology · doi:10.1002/cti2.1438 · Cited by 22
Katahira, J., Ohmae, T., Yasugi, M., Sasaki, R., Itoh, Y., Kohda, T., Hieda, M., Hirai, M. Y., Okamoto, T., & Miyamoto, Y. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad483 · Cited by 22
COVID, complement, and the brain
Vlaicu, S. I., Tatomir, A., Cuevas, J., Rus, V., & Rus, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1216457 · Cited by 23
Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with neurological manifestations in post-COVID-19 syndrome
Boesl, F., Goereci, Y., Gerhard, A., Bremer, B., Raeder, V., Schweitzer, F., Hoppmann, U., Behrens, J. R., Bellmann–Strobl, J., Paul, F., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-023-12092-4 · Cited by 21
Greißel, A., Schneider, A., Donnachie, E., Gerlach, R., Tauscher, M., & Hapfelmeier, A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52656-6 · Cited by 21
BIOMARKERS OF FATIGUE IN ONCOLOGY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.
Vanrusselt, D., Sleurs, C., Arif, M., Lemiere, J., Verschueren, S., & Uyttebroeck, A. (2023) · Critical reviews in oncology/hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104245 · Cited by 20
COVID-19 and multiple sclerosis: challenges and lessons for patient care
Prosperini, L., Arrambide, G., Celius, E. G., Goletti, D., Killestein, J., Kos, D., Lavorgna, L., Louapre, C., Sormani, M. P., Šťastná, D., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.100979 · Cited by 20
Komaroff, A. L., & Dantzer, R. (2025) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102259 · Cited by 24
Sakurada, Y., Matsuda, Y., Motohashi, K., Hasegawa, T., Otsuka, Y., Nakano, Y., Tokumasu, K., Yamamoto, K., Sunada, N., Honda, H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/0167482x.2024.2305899 · Cited by 19
Mix, M. R., van de Wall, S., Heidarian, M., Escue, E., Fain, C. E., Pewe, L. L., Hancox, L. S., Arumugam, S. A., Sievers, C. M., Badovinac, V. P., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115247 · Cited by 18
Dobrigna, M., Poëa‐Guyon, S., Rousseau, V., Vincent, A., Toutain, A., & Barnier, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1123784 · Cited by 18
Jyonouchi, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1333717 · Cited by 20
Gáspár, Z., Szabó, B. G., Ceglédi, A., & Lakatos, B. (2024) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01323-9 · Cited by 24
Kesler, S. R., Franco‐Rocha, O. Y., Schutz, A. D. L. T., Lewis, K., Aziz, R., Henneghan, A. M., Melamed, E., & Brode, W. M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-73311-0 · Cited by 20
Long COVID: A Comprehensive Overview of the Signs and Symptoms across Multiple Organ Systems
Merhavy, Z. I., Junor, T., GONZÁLEZ, A. E. A. I., Filippis, S. M. D., Oveisitork, S., Rivera, E., Ndukwu, I., & Bhatara, K. (2024) · Korean Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.4082/kjfm.24.0085 · Cited by 17
The impact of COVID-19 on accelerating of immunosenescence and brain aging
Müller, L., & Benedetto, S. D. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2024.1471192 · Cited by 24
Brain Leukocytes as the Potential Therapeutic Target for Post-COVID-19 Brain Fog
Kazama, I. (2023) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-023-03912-0 · Cited by 17
Frank, M. G., Fleshner, M., & Maier, S. F. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.04.009 · Cited by 19
Towards Novel Biomimetic In Vitro Models of the Blood–Brain Barrier for Drug Permeability Evaluation
Mármol, I., Abizanda-Campo, S., Ayuso, J. M., Ochoa, I., & Oliván, S. (2023) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering10050572 · Cited by 17
Long COVID as a Tauopathy: Of “Brain Fog” and “Fusogen Storms”
Sfera, A., Rahman, L., del Campo, C. M. Z.-M., & Kozlakidis, Z. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241612648 · Cited by 17
Helbing, D. L., Dommaschk, E.-M., Danyeli, L. V., Liepinsh, E., Refisch, A., Şen, Z. D., Zvejniece, L., Rocktäschel, T., Stabenow, L. K., Schiöth, H. B., et al. (2024) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-023-01734-3 · Cited by 17
Mast cell activation syndrome: An up-to-date review of literature
Özdemır, Ö., Kasımoğlu, G., Bak, A., Sütlüoğlu, H., & Savaşan, S. (2024) · World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.5409/wjcp.v13.i2.92813 · Cited by 16
Neuroinflammation: An Oligodendrocentric View
Festa, L. K., Jordan‐Sciutto, K. L., & Grinspan, J. B. (2025) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.70007 · Cited by 18
Gietl, M., Burkert, F. R., Seiwald, S., Boehm, A., Hofer, S., Gostner, J. M., Piater, T., Geisler, S., Weiß, G., Löffler‐Ragg, J., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Tryptophan Research · doi:10.1177/11786469231154244 · Cited by 16
Saucier, J., Comeau, D., Robichaud, G. A., & Chamard-Witkowski, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1221266 · Cited by 16
Alterations in microbiota of patients with COVID‐19: implications for therapeutic interventions
Qiu, Y., Mo, C., Chen, L., Ye, W., Chen, G., & Zhu, T. (2024) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.513 · Cited by 18
Chachlaki, K., Duc, K. L., Storme, L., & Prévot, V. (2024) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.13387 · Cited by 16
Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation for Post-COVID-19 Conditions: A Systematic Review
Markser, A. M., Vöckel, J., Schneider, A., Baumeister-Lingens, L., Sigrist, C., & Koenig, J. (2024) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.07.007 · Cited by 16
Choroid plexus volume is enlarged in long COVID and associated with cognitive and brain changes
Díez‐Cirarda, M., Yus, M., Delgado‐Alonso, C., Gil‐Martínez, L., Jiménez-García, C., Gil‐Moreno, M. J., Gómez‐Ruiz, N., Oliver‐Mas, S., Polidura, C., Jorquera, M., et al. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02886-x · Cited by 21
COVID-19-associated neurological and psychological manifestations
Wilson, J. E., Gurdasani, D., Helbok, R., Ozturk, S., Fraser, D. D., Filipović, S. R., Peluso, M. J., Iwasaki, A., Yasuda, C. L., Bocci, T., et al. (2025) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-025-00674-7 · Cited by 16
Self-citationAddressing psychosomatic issues after lifting the COVID-19 policy in China: A wake-up call
Zhong, Y., Huang, J., Zhang, W., Li, S., & Gao, Y. (2023) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103517 · Cited by 16
Metadata
- Authors
- Monje, M., & Iwasaki, A.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Monje, Michelle
- Iwasaki, Akiko
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-11
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 3484-3496
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9537254
- OpenAlex
- W4303182677
- Cited by
- 415
- References
- 126
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 146 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 12.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001863)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA258384, R01CA263500, P50CA165962, U19CA264504)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI157488)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS092597, DP1NS111132)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis
- Keywords
- long COVID, neurobiology, central nervous system, neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive symptoms, pathobiology, COVID-19 survivors
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome, Mental Disorders, Humans, Nervous System Diseases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
