Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A significant number of patients with COVID-19 experience prolonged symptoms, known as Long COVID. Few systematic studies have investigated this population, particularly in outpatient settings. Hence, relatively little is known about symptom makeup and severity, expected clinical course, impact on daily functioning, and return to baseline health. METHODS: We conducted an online survey of people with suspected and confirmed COVID-19, distributed via COVID-19 support groups (e.g. Body Politic, Long COVID Support Group, Long Haul COVID Fighters) and social media (e.g. Twitter, Facebook). Data were collected from September 6, 2020 to November 25, 2020. We analyzed responses from 3762 participants with confirmed (diagnostic/antibody positive; 1020) or suspected (diagnostic/antibody negative or untested; 2742) COVID-19, from 56 countries, with illness lasting over 28 days and onset prior to June 2020. We estimated the prevalence of 203 symptoms in 10 organ systems and traced 66 symptoms over seven months. We measured the impact on life, work, and return to baseline health. FINDINGS: For the majority of respondents (>91%), the time to recovery exceeded 35 weeks. During their illness, participants experienced an average of 55.9+/- 25.5 (mean+/-STD) symptoms, across an average of 9.1 organ systems. The most frequent symptoms after month 6 were fatigue, post-exertional malaise, and cognitive dysfunction. Symptoms varied in their prevalence over time, and we identified three symptom clusters, each with a characteristic temporal profile. 85.9% of participants (95% CI, 84.8% to 87.0%) experienced relapses, primarily triggered by exercise, physical or mental activity, and stress. 86.7% (85.6% to 92.5%) of unrecovered respondents were experiencing fatigue at the time of survey, compared to 44.7% (38.5% to 50.5%) of recovered respondents. 1700 respondents (45.2%) required a reduced work schedule compared to pre-illness, and an additional 839 (22.3%) were not working at the time of survey due to illness. Cognitive dysfunction or memory issues were common across all age groups (~88%). Except for loss of smell and taste, the prevalence and trajectory of all symptoms were similar between groups with confirmed and suspected COVID-19. INTERPRETATION: Patients with Long COVID report prolonged, multisystem involvement and significant disability. By seven months, many patients have not yet recovered (mainly from systemic and neurological/cognitive symptoms), have not returned to previous levels of work, and continue to experience significant symptom burden. FUNDING: All authors contributed to this work in a voluntary capacity. The cost of survey hosting (on Qualtrics) and publication fee was covered by AA's research grant (Wellcome Trust/Gatsby Charity via Sainsbury Wellcome center, UCL).
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Identifying subjects who are at risk of higher perceived loneliness and related psychological factors is particularly important in the context of long COVID syndrome.
“Identifying subjects who are at risk of higher perceived loneliness and related psychological factors is particularly important in the context of the so called “long COVID” syndrome [50]”
From Psychological correlates of perceived loneliness in college students before and during the COVID-19 stay-at-home period: a longitudinal study (2023) · cites this paper as [50]
The Results (Neuropsychiatric symptoms; page unavailable) report emotion-and-mood symptoms among respondents with long COVID, supporting the relevance of psychological factors. The paper does not assess perceived loneliness or identify who is at higher risk of it, so it does not support that specific rationale for identifying at-risk subjects. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese symptoms can endure up to 6-7 months and even longer.
“These symptoms can endure up to 6–7 months and even longer [[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]].”
From Female gender is associated with long COVID syndrome: a prospective cohort study (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19
Carfì, A., Bernabei, R., Landi, F., & for the Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12603 · Cited by 4,561 · see citing works
Natural language processing with Python
Bird, S., Klein, E., & Loper, E. (2009) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 3,472 · see citing works
Better Bootstrap Confidence Intervals
Efron, B. (1987) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1987.10478410 · Cited by 3,462 · cited 2× · see citing works
“tical dashed lines indicate the range for “No fatigue”[10-21], “Fatigue”[22-34], and “Extreme” (>=35).”
MethodAttributes and predictors of long COVID
Sudre, C. H., Murray, B., Varsavsky, T., Graham, M. S., Penfold, R. S., Bowyer, R. C., Pujol, J. C., Klaser, K., Antonelli, M., Canas, L. S., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01292-y · Cited by 2,707 · see citing works
Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care
Greenhalgh, T., Knight, M., A’Court, C., Buxton, M., & Husain, L. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m3026 · Cited by 1,693 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While respiratory and some cardiovascular symptoms have been widely reported, neurological symptoms remain unclear [33].”
BackgroundEvolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2
Gaebler, C., Wang, Z., Lorenzi, J. C. C., Muecksch, F., Finkin, S., Tokuyama, M., Cho, A., Jankovic, M., Schaefer-Babajew, D., Oliveira, T. Y., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03207-w · Cited by 1,674 · see citing works
High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19
Al-Aly, Z., Xie, Y., & Bowe, B. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03553-9 · Cited by 1,518 · see citing works
Kucirka, L. M., Lauer, S. A., Laeyendecker, O. B., Boon, D., & Lessler, J. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m20-1495 · Cited by 1,414 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, the likelihood of false negatives increases after day 3 of symptom onset, when the false negative rate is 20%, reaching 66% by day 21[40].”
BackgroundTenforde, M. W., Kim, S. S., Lindsell, C. J., Billig Rose, E., Shapiro, N. I., Files, D. C., Gibbs, K. W., Erickson, H. L., Steingrub, J. S., Smithline, H. A., et al. (2020) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6930e1 · Cited by 1,319 · cited 2× · see citing works
“tical dashed lines indicate the range for “No fatigue”[10-21], “Fatigue”[22-34], and “Extreme” (>=35).”
BackgroundConcept Decompositions for Large Sparse Text Data Using Clustering
Dhillon, I. S., & Modha, D. S. (2001) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1023/a:1007612920971 · Cited by 1,308 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Symptom time course clustering Symptom time courses were clustered using spherical k-means, a variant of k-means based on cosine distances [12].”
Characterising long COVID: a living systematic review
Michelen, M., Cheng, V., Manoharan, L., Elkheir, N., Dagens, A., Hastie, C., O’Hara, M. E., Suett, J. C., Dahmash, D. T., Bugaeva, P., et al. (2021) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005427 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
How and why patients made Long Covid
Callard, F. J., & Perego, E. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113426 · Cited by 941 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Early in the course of the pandemic, patients identified this trend, referring to themselves as “Long-Haulers” and the prolonged illness as “Long COVID” [7].”
BackgroundPersistent symptoms 3 months after a SARS-CoV-2 infection: the post-COVID-19 syndrome?
Goërtz, Y. M. J., Herck, M. V., Delbressine, J. M., Vaes, A. W., Meys, R., Machado, F. V. C., Houben‐Wilke, S., Burtin, C., Posthuma, R., Franssen, F. M. E., et al. (2020) · ERJ Open Research · doi:10.1183/23120541.00542-2020 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Evolution of Antibody Immunity to SARS-CoV-2Preprint
Gaebler, C., Wang, Z., Lorenzi, J. C. C., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.11.03.367391 · Cited by 810 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Regarding antibody testing, it has been reported that antibody levels decrease with time [44,45], that males are likely to retain antibodies longer than females [46], and that antibody tests can be less accurate for females [47].”
BackgroundInterpreting a covid-19 test result
Watson, J., Whiting, P. F., & Brush, J. E. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m1808 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Cognitive deficits in people who have recovered from COVID-19
Hampshire, A., Trender, W. R., Chamberlain, S. R., Jolly, A., Grant, J. E., Patrick, F., Mazibuko, N., Williams, S., Barnby, J. M., Hellyer, P. J., et al. (2021) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101044 · Cited by 704 · see citing works
Ladds, E. C., Rushforth, A., Wieringa, S., Taylor, S., Rayner, C. R., Husain, L., & Greenhalgh, T. (2020) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-020-06001-y · Cited by 667 · cited 2× · see citing works
“tical dashed lines indicate the range for “No fatigue”[10-21], “Fatigue”[22-34], and “Extreme” (>=35).”
MethodFalse-negative results of initial RT-PCR assays for COVID-19: A systematic review
Arévalo-Rodríguez, I., Buitrago‐García, D., Simancas‐Racines, D., Zambrano-Achig, P., del Campo, R., Ciapponi, A., Sued, O. G., Martínez-García, L., Rutjes, A. W., Low, N. N., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242958 · Cited by 660 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This reinforces the need for early testing in patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection, given that up to 54% of patients could have an initial RTPCR false-negative result [41].”
BackgroundArnold, D., Hamilton, F., Milne, A., Morley, A. J., Viner, J., Attwood, M., Noel, A. R., Gunning, S., Hatrick, J., Hamilton, S., et al. (2020) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216086 · Cited by 627 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Survey response rate, calculated as the ratio of respondents who completed the survey [4] (918) to those who started the survey [7] (285), was 67.”
BackgroundDetection of Novel Coronavirus by RT-PCR in Stool Specimen from Asymptomatic Child, China
Tang, A., Tong, Z.-D., Wang, H.-L., Dai, Y.-X., Li, K.-F., Liu, J.-N., Wu, W.-J., Yuan, C., Yu, M.-L., Li, P., et al. (2020) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2606.200301 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Measuring fatigue in sarcoidosis: The Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS)
Vries, J. D., Michielsen, H. J., Heck, G. L. V., & Drent, M. (2004) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/1359107041557048 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Long COVID in the Faroe Islands: A Longitudinal Study Among Nonhospitalized Patients
Petersen, M. S., Kristiansen, M. F., Hanusson, K. D., Danielsen, M. E., Steig, B. Á., Gaïni, S., Strøm, M., & Weihe, P. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1792 · Cited by 357 · cited 2× · see citing works
“growing number of patients with initially mild COVID-19 will experience prolonged symptoms [2,3], the profile and timeline of which remains uncertain [2,4 9].”
BackgroundCovid-19 hyperinflammation and post-Covid-19 illness may be rooted in mast cell activation syndrome
Afrin, L. B., Weinstock, L. B., & Molderings, G. J. (2020) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.016 · Cited by 315 · cited 2× · see citing works
“tical dashed lines indicate the range for “No fatigue”[10-21], “Fatigue”[22-34], and “Extreme” (>=35).”
COVID-19 cardiac injury: Implications for long-term surveillance and outcomes in survivors
Mitrani, R. D., Dabas, N., & Goldberger, J. J. (2020) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.06.026 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Sudre, C. H., Murray, B. A. K., Varsavsky, T., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.20214494 · Cited by 259 · cited 2× · see citing works
“While several others have investigated Long COVID symptoms [10,23], our approach also allowed the first representation of individual symptom trajectory over time.”
BackgroundInfluentialDiagnostic Testing for the Novel Coronavirus
Sharfstein, J. M., Becker, S. J., & Mello, M. M. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3864 · Cited by 232 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Access to adequate diagnostic tests in the early stages of the pandemic was notably limited, which likely contributed to respondents in this cohort being unable to be tested and/or being tested later in their illness [42].”
BackgroundStussman, B. J., Williams, A., Snow, J., Gavin, A., Scott, R., Nath, A., & Walitt, B. T. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.01025 · Cited by 165 · cited 9× · see citing works
“tical dashed lines indicate the range for “No fatigue”[10-21], “Fatigue”[22-34], and “Extreme” (>=35).”
MethodInfluentialAnalytical comparisons of SARS-COV-2 detection by qRT-PCR and ddPCR with multiple primer/probe sets
Liu, X., Feng, J., Zhang, Q., Guo, D., Zhang, L., Suo, T., Hu, W., Guo, M. S., Wang, X., Huang, Z., et al. (2020) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1772679 · Cited by 159 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The sensitivity of diagnostic tests may depend on the primer/probe sets [38,39].”
BackgroundPostural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Agarwal, A., Garg, R., Ritch, A., & Sarkar, P. (2007) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.2006.055046 · Cited by 126 · cited 14× · see citing works
“By the time respondents took the survey, 155 had received a diagnosis of POTS, and 118 had received a diagnosis of ME/ CFS. 33.9% of respondents who reported tachycardia measured an increase of at least 30 BPM when standing, suggesting a possible POTS diagnosis [33].”
BackgroundInfluentialArnold, D., Hamilton, F., Milne, A., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.20173526 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Survival Analysis - A Self-Learning Text Third Edition
Puyneers, P. (2012) · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Salmon, D., Slama, D., de Broucker, T., Karmochkine, M., Pavie, J., Sorbets, E., Etienne, N., Batisse, D., Spiridon, G., Baut, V. L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.12.002 · Cited by 94 · cited 10× · see citing works
“tical dashed lines indicate the range for “No fatigue”[10-21], “Fatigue”[22-34], and “Extreme” (>=35).”
BackgroundInfluentialSurveillance is underestimating the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic
Alwan, N. A. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31823-7 · Cited by 91 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Public discourse on COVID-19 has largely centered around those with severe or fatal illness [1].”
BackgroundPatient-Led Research Collaborative: embedding patients in the Long COVID narrative
McCorkell, L., Assaf, G., Davis, H., Wei, H., & Akrami, A. (2021) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000913 · Cited by 91 · cited 2× · see citing works
“tical dashed lines indicate the range for “No fatigue”[10-21], “Fatigue”[22-34], and “Extreme” (>=35).”
MethodSelf-citationCare Dependency in Non-Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19
Vaes, A. W., Machado, F. V. C., Meys, R., Delbressine, J. M., Goërtz, Y. M. J., Herck, M. V., Houben‐Wilke, S., Franssen, F. M. E., Vijlbrief, H., Spies, Y., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9092946 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Disability Accommodation in Nonstandard and Precarious Employment Arrangements
Shuey, K. M., & Jovic, E. (2013) · Work and Occupations · doi:10.1177/0730888413481030 · Cited by 71 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Lower wage earners may find it especially challenging to access accommodations and benefits, yet they are in need of protections the most to ensure financial stability [36].”
BackgroundCharacterising long term Covid-19: a living systematic review
(2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.20246025 · Cited by 61 · cited 2× · see citing works
“While as of yet there is no agreed upon case definition of Long COVID [8,12], we define the illness as a collection of symptoms that develop during or following a confirmed or suspected case of COVID19, and which continue for more than 28 days.”
Neurologic manifestations of nonhospitalized patients with COVID‐19 in Wuhan, China
Ding, H., Yin, S., Cheng, Y., Cai, Y., Huang, W., & Deng, W. (2020) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.13 · Cited by 44 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Prior studies have identified evidence of cognitive dysfunction induced by COVID-19 illness, with few studies in the non-hospitalized population [32,35].”
BackgroundTABACOF, L. R., Tosto-Mancuso, J., Wood, J., Cortes, M., Kontorovich, A., McCarthy, D., Rizk, D., Mohammadi, N., Breyman, E., Nasr, L., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.20226126 · Cited by 39 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Our analysis confirms prior findings that, with the exception of change to smell and taste, symptoms are not significantly different between those who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 and those who test negative (or have not been tested), but who otherwise show strongly suggestive symptoms [7,37].”
Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS)
Shahid, A., Wilkinson, K., Marcu, S., & Shapiro, C. M. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9893-4_33 · Cited by 28 · cited 7× · see citing works
“tical dashed lines indicate the range for “No fatigue”[10-21], “Fatigue”[22-34], and “Extreme” (>=35).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAnjum, I., Sohail, W., Hatipoğlu, B., & Wilson, R. (2018) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.2435 · Cited by 13 · cited 8× · see citing works
“Participants answered the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) questionnaire [21,22], which includes10 questions that assess both physical and mental fatigue.”
BackgroundInfluentialVashisht, R., Patel, A. R., Crews, B. O., Garner, O. B., Dahm, L., Wilson, C. S., & Butte, A. J. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0337 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Health Workers’ Antibody Levels Wane After SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Kuehn, B. M. (2021) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.25457 · Cited by 8 · cited 2× · see citing works
“respiratory specimens [44] can also play an important role in testing accuracy [43].”
BackgroundCOVID-19 Precautions Hamper Breastfeeding Support
Kuehn, B. M. (2021) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.25241 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 46 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [12]Overview | COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19 | guidance | nice [Internet] 2020 NICE [citedDec 19]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG188 33555768
- [32]NIH workshop on post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (Day 2) [Internet]. Available from: https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=38879
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations
Davis, H. E., McCorkell, L., Vogel, J. M., & Topol, E. J. (2023) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2 · Cited by 4,153 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19
Xie, Y., Xu, E., Bowe, B. C., & Al‐Aly, Z. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01689-3 · Cited by 2,065 · see citing works
Fatigue and cognitive impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ceban, F., Ling, S., Lui, L. M. W., Lee, Y., Gill, H., Teopiz, K. M., Rodrigues, N. B., Subramaniapillai, M., Di Vincenzo, J. D., Cao, B., et al. (2022) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.020 · Cited by 1,554 · see citing works
Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome: putative pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments
Yong, S. J. (2021) · Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1080/23744235.2021.1924397 · Cited by 1,339 · see citing works
Symptoms and risk factors for long COVID in non-hospitalized adults
Subramanian, A., Nirantharakumar, K., Hughes, S., Myles, P. R., Williams, T., Gokhale, K. M., Taverner, T., Chandan, J. S., Brown, K. R., Simms-Williams, N., et al. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01909-w · Cited by 1,060 · see citing works
Symptoms, complications and management of long COVID: a review
Aiyegbusi, O. L., Hughes, S. E., Turner, G., Rivera, S. C., McMullan, C., Chandan, J. S., Haroon, S., Price, G., Davies, E. H., Nirantharakumar, K., et al. (2021) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/01410768211032850 · Cited by 969 · see citing works
Taquet, M., Dercon, Q., Luciano, S., Geddes, J. R., Masud Husain, B., & Harrison, P. J. (2021) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003773 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Long COVID after breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection
Al-Aly, Z., Bowe, B., & Xie, Y. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01840-0 · Cited by 866 · see citing works
Proal, A. D., & VanElzakker, M. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.698169 · Cited by 894 · see citing works
Development of a Definition of Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Thaweethai, T., Jolley, S. E., Karlson, E. W., Levitan, E. B., Levy, B. D., McComsey, G. A., McCorkell, L., Nadkarni, G. N., Parthasarathy, S., Singh, U., et al. (2023) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2023.8823 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
Self-citationPersistence of somatic symptoms after COVID-19 in the Netherlands: an observational cohort study
Ballering, A., van Zon, S. K. R., Hartman, T. O., & Rosmalen, J. G. M. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01214-4 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Distinguishing features of long COVID identified through immune profiling
Klein, J., Wood, J., Jaycox, J. R., Dhodapkar, R. M., Lu, P., Gehlhausen, J. R., Tabachnikova, A., Greene, K., TABACOF, L. R., Malik, A. A., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06651-y · Cited by 818 · see citing works
O’Mahoney, L. L., Routen, A. C., Gillies, C. L., Ekezie, W. C., Welford, A. E., Zhang, A., Karamchandani, U., Simms-Williams, N., Cassambai, S., Ardavani, A., et al. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101762 · Cited by 797 · see citing works
Premraj, L., Kannapadi, N. V., Briggs, J., Seal, S. M., Battaglini, D., Fanning, J. P., Suen, J. Y., Robba, C., Fraser, J. F., & Cho, S. (2022) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2022.120162 · Cited by 778 · see citing works
Female gender is associated with long COVID syndrome: a prospective cohort study
Bai, F., Tomasoni, D., Falcinella, C., Barbanotti, D., Castoldi, R., Mulè, G., Augello, M., Mondatore, D., Allegrini, M., Cona, A., et al. (2022) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.11.002 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Long COVID: post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 with a cardiovascular focus
Raman, B., Bluemke, D. A., Lüscher, T. F., & Neubauer, S. (2022) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac031 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Acute and postacute sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection
Bowe, B. C., Xie, Y., & Al‐Aly, Z. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02051-3 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Long COVID science, research and policy
Al-Aly, Z., Davis, H., McCorkell, L., Soares, L., Wulf-Hanson, S., Iwasaki, A., & Topol, E. J. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03173-6 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
“Around the same time, patients began self-organizing, coined the term long COVID 295 and conducted the first known survey—which was subsequently formally published—documenting the breadth of symptomatology experienced by people with long COVID 42 .”
Self-citationCarlini, V., Noonan, D. M., Abdalalem, E., Goletti, D., Sansone, C., Calabrone, L., & Albini, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161067 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Long-term neurologic outcomes of COVID-19
Xu, E., Xie, Y., & Al-Aly, Z. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02001-z · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Greenhalgh, T., Sivan, M., Perlowski, A., & Nikolich‐Žugich, J. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01136-x · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Mild respiratory COVID can cause multi-lineage neural cell and myelin dysregulation
Fernández-Castañeda, A., Lu, P., Geraghty, A. C., Song, E., Lee, M.-H., Wood, J., O’Dea, M. R., Dutton, S., Shamardani, K., Nwangwu, K., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.008 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Risk of clinical sequelae after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection: retrospective cohort study
Daugherty, S. E., Guo, Y., Heath, K., Dasmariñas, M. C., Jubilo, K. G., Samranvedhya, J., Lipsitch, M., & Cohen, K. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n1098 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Trajectory of long covid symptoms after covid-19 vaccination: community based cohort study
Ayoubkhani, D., Bermingham, C., Pouwels, K. B., Glickman, M., Nafilyan, V., Zaccardi, F., Khunti, K., Alwan, N. A., & Walker, A. S. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-069676 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Nervous system consequences of COVID-19
Spudich, S., & Nath, A. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abm2052 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
The neurobiology of long COVID
Monje, M., & Iwasaki, A. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.006 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Altmann, D. M., Whettlock, E. M., Liu, S., Arachchillage, D. J., & Boyton, R. J. (2023) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-023-00904-7 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Kedor, C., Freitag, H., Meyer‐Arndt, L., Wittke, K., Hanitsch, L. G., Zöller, T., Steinbeis, F., Haffke, M., Rudolf, G., Heidecker, B., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32507-6 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Pavli, A., Theodoridou, M., & Maltezou, H. C. (2021) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.03.010 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Gluckman, T. J., Bhave, N. M., Allen, L. A., Chung, E. H., Spatz, E. S., Ammirati, E., Baggish, A. L., Bozkurt, B., Cornwell, W. K., Harmon, K. G., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2022.02.003 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Wang, S., Quan, L., Chavarro, J. E., Slopen, N. B., Kubzansky, L. D., Koenen, K. C., Kang, J. H., Weisskopf, M. G., Branch‐Elliman, W., & Roberts, A. L. (2022) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2640 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Mechanisms of long COVID and the path toward therapeutics
Peluso, M. J., & Deeks, S. G. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.054 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Post-COVID-19 Syndrome and the Potential Benefits of Exercise
Jimeno‐Almazán, A., Pallarés, J. G., Buendía‐Romero, Á., Martínez-Cava, A., Franco‐López, F., Martínez, B. J. S.-Á., Bernal, E., & Courel‐Ibáñez, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18105329 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Menges, D., Ballouz, T., Anagnostopoulos, A., Aschmann, H. E., Domenghino, A., Fehr, J. S., & Puhan, M. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254523 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Komaroff, A. L., & Lipkin, W. I. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1187163 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Characteristics and impact of Long Covid: Findings from an online survey
Ziauddeen, N., Gurdasani, D., O’Hara, M. E., Hastie, C., Roderick, P. J., Yao, G., & Alwan, N. A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264331 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Chronic Fatigue and Postexertional Malaise in People Living With Long COVID: An Observational Study
Twomey, R., DeMars, J., Franklin, K., Culos-Reed, S. N., Weatherald, J. C., & Wrightson, J. G. (2022) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzac005 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Association of Treatment With Nirmatrelvir and the Risk of Post–COVID-19 Condition
Xie, Y., Choi, T., & Al‐Aly, Z. (2023) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.0743 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Peghin, M., Palese, A., Venturini, M., Martino, M. D., Gerussi, V., Graziano, E., Bontempo, G., Marrella, F., Tommasini, A., Fabris, M., et al. (2021) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.05.033 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Xie, Y., Bowe, B. C., & Al‐Aly, Z. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26513-3 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 reservoir in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC)
Proal, A. D., VanElzakker, M. B., Aleman, S., Bach, K., Boribong, B. P., Buggert, M., Cherry, S. R., Chertow, D. S., Davies, H. E., Dupont, C. L., et al. (2023) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-023-01601-2 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Koc, H. C., Xiao, J., Liu, W., Li, Y., & Chen, G. (2022) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.75056 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Persistent neuropsychiatric symptoms after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Badenoch, J., Rengasamy, E. R., Watson, C. J., Jansen, K., Chakraborty, S., Sundaram, R. D., Hafeez, D., Burchill, E., Saini, A., Thomas, L., et al. (2021) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcab297 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Course of post COVID-19 disease symptoms over time in the ComPaRe long COVID prospective e-cohort
Tran, V.-T., Porcher, R., Pane, I., & Ravaud, P. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29513-z · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Haffke, M., Freitag, H., Rudolf, G., Seifert, M., Doehner, W., Scherbakov, N., Hanitsch, L. G., Wittke, K., Bauer, S., Konietschke, F., et al. (2022) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-022-03346-2 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Kell, D. B., Laubscher, G. J., & Pretorius, E. (2022) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20220016 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Neurological manifestations of long-COVID syndrome: a narrative review
Stefanou, M., Palaiodimou, L., Bakola, E., Smyrnis, N., Papadopoulou, Μ., Paraskevas, G. P., Rizos, E., Boutati, E. I., Grigoriadis, N., Krogias, C., et al. (2022) · Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease · doi:10.1177/20406223221076890 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Komaroff, A. L., & Lipkin, W. I. (2021) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2021.06.002 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Stephenson, T. J., Pereira, S. M. P., Shafran, R., Stavola, B. L. D., Rojas, N. K., McOwat, K., Simmons, R., Zavala, M., O’Mahoney, L. L., Chalder, T., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(22)00022-0 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Lund, L. C., Hallas, J., Nielsen, H. I., Koch, A., Mogensen, S. H., Brun, N. C., Christiansen, C. F., Thomsen, R. W., & Pottegård, A. (2021) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00211-5 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Long COVID: pathophysiological factors and abnormalities of coagulation
Turner, S., Khan, A., Putrino, D. F., Woodcock, A. A., Kell, D. B., & Pretorius, E. (2023) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2023.03.002 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Pathogenic mechanisms of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC)
Sherif, Z. A., Gómez, C. R., Connors, T. J., Henrich, T. J., Reeves, W. B., & RECOVER Mechanistic Pathway Task Force (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.86002 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Munblit, D., Nicholson, T. R., Akrami, A., Apfelbacher, C., Chen, J., GROOTE, W. D., Diaz, J. V., Gorst, S. L., Harman, N., Kokorina, A., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00169-2 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Self-citationPost-COVID Syndrome: An Insight on Its Pathogenesis
Maltezou, H. C., Pavli, A., & Tsakris, A. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9050497 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Identifying who has long COVID in the USA: a machine learning approach using N3C data
Pfaff, E., Girvin, A. T., Bennett, T. D., Bhatia, A., Brooks, I. M., Deer, R., Dekermanjian, J., Jolley, S. E., Kahn, M. G., Kostka, K., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Digital Health · doi:10.1016/s2589-7500(22)00048-6 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Long COVID Through a Public Health Lens: An Umbrella Review
Nittas, V., Gao, M., West, E., Ballouz, T., Menges, D., Hanson, S. W., & Puhan, M. A. (2022) · Public health reviews · doi:10.3389/phrs.2022.1604501 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Bramante, C. T., Buse, J. B., Liebovitz, D., Nicklas, J. M., Puskarich, M. A., Cohen, K., Belani, H., Anderson, B., Huling, J. D., Tignanelli, C. J., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00299-2 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
More Than 100 Persistent Symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 (Long COVID): A Scoping Review
Hayes, L. D., Ingram, J., & Sculthorpe, N. F. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.750378 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Inspiratory muscle training enhances recovery post-COVID-19: a randomised controlled trial
McNarry, M. A., Berg, R. M. G., Shelley, J., Hudson, J., SAYNOR, Z. L., Duckers, J. M., Lewis, K. E., Davies, G. A., & Mackintosh, K. A. (2022) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.03101-2021 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Incidence and risk factors for persistent symptoms in adults previously hospitalized for COVID‐19
Munblit, D., Bobkova, P., Spiridonova, E., Shikhaleva, A., Gamirova, A., Blyuss, O. B., Nekliudov, N. A., Bugaeva, P., Andreeva, M., DunnGalvin, A., et al. (2021) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/cea.13997 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Long COVID and the role of physical activity: a qualitative study
Humphreys, H., Kilby, L., Kudiersky, N., & Copeland, R. J. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047632 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
The Conundrum of ‘Long-COVID-19ʹ: A Narrative Review
Garg, M. K., Maralakunte, M., Garg, S., Dhooria, S., Sehgal, I. S., Bhalla, A. S., Vijayvergiya, R., Grover, S., Bhatia, V., Jagia, P., et al. (2021) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s316708 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Outcomes among confirmed cases and a matched comparison group in the Long-COVID in Scotland study
Hastie, C. E., Lowe, D. J., McAuley, A., Winter, A., Mills, N. L., Black, C., Scott, J. T., O’Donnell, C. A., Blane, D., Browne, S. E., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-33415-5 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Characterizing long COVID: deep phenotype of a complex condition
Deer, R. R., Rock, M. A., Vasilevsky, N., Carmody, L., Rando, H., Anzalone, A. J., Basson, M. D., Bennett, T. D., Bergquist, T., Boudreau, E. A., et al. (2021) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103722 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationBallouz, T., Menges, D., Anagnostopoulos, A., Domenghino, A., Aschmann, H. E., Frei, A. L., Fehr, J. S., & Puhan, M. A. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-074425 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Acute and persistent symptoms in non-hospitalized PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients
Bliddal, S., Banasik, K., Pedersen, O. B., Nissen, J., Cantwell, L., Schwinn, M., Tulstrup, M., Westergaard, D., Ullum, H., Brunak, S., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92045-x · Cited by 196 · see citing works
The Neurological Manifestations of Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Moghimi, N., Napoli, M. D., Biller, J., Siegler, J. E., Shekhar, R., McCullough, L. D., Harkins, M. S., Hong, E., Alaouieh, D., Mansueto, G., et al. (2021) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-021-01130-1 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Ayoubkhani, D., Bosworth, M. L., King, S., Pouwels, K. B., Glickman, M., Nafilyan, V., Zaccardi, F., Khunti, K. K., Alwan, N. A., & Walker, A. S. (2022) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac464 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Use of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing to Evaluate Long COVID-19 Symptoms in Adults
Durstenfeld, M. S., Sun, K., Tahir, P., Peluso, M. J., Deeks, S. G., Aras, M. A., Grandis, D. J., Long, C. S., Beatty, A. L., & Hsue, P. Y. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.36057 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Long covid and medical gaslighting: Dismissal, delayed diagnosis, and deferred treatment
Au, L., Capotescu, C., Eyal, G., & Finestone, G. (2022) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2022.100167 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Escandón-Vargas, K., Rasmussen, A. L., Bogoch, I. I., Murray, E. J., Escandón, K., Popescu, S. V., & Kindrachuk, J. (2021) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06357-4 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Mast cell activation symptoms are prevalent in Long-COVID
Weinstock, L. B., Brook, J. B., Walters, A. S., Goris, A. J., Afrin, L. B., & Molderings, G. J. (2021) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.09.043 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Coding long COVID: characterizing a new disease through an ICD-10 lens
Pfaff, E., Madlock‐Brown, C., Baratta, J. M., Bhatia, A., Davis, H., Girvin, A. T., Hill, E., Kelly, E., Kostka, K., Loomba, J. J., et al. (2023) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-023-02737-6 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationSun, B., Tang, N., Peluso, M. J., Iyer, N. S., Torres, L., Donatelli, J. L., Munter, S. E., Nixon, C. C., Rutishauser, R. L., Rodríguez-Barraquer, I., et al. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10020386 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Peripheral Neuropathy Evaluations of Patients With Prolonged Long COVID
Oaklander, A. L., Mills, A. J., Kelley, M., Toran, L. S., Smith, B., Dalakas, M. C., & Nath, A. (2022) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000001146 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Pinto, M. D., Borelli, J. L., Mehrabadi, M. A., Abrahim, H. L., Dutt, N. D., Lambert, N., Nurmi, E. L., Chakraborty, R., Rahmani, A. M., et al. (2022) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/10547738221125632 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Long COVID (post-COVID-19 condition) in children: a modified Delphi process
Stephenson, T. J., Allin, B., Nugawela, M. D., Rojas, N. K., Dalrymple, E., Pereira, S. M. P., Soni, M., Knight, M., Cheung, E. Y., Heyman, I., et al. (2022) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2021-323624 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Macpherson, K., Cooper, K., Harbour, J., Mahal, D., Miller, C., & Nairn, M. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050979 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 in a non-hospitalized cohort: Results from the Arizona CoVHORT
Bell, M. L., Catalfamo, C. J., Farland, L. V., Ernst, K. C., Jacobs, E. T., Klimentidis, Y. C., Jehn, M., & Pogreba-Brown, K. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254347 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
A review of cytokine-based pathophysiology of Long COVID symptoms
Low, R. N., Low, R. J., & Akrami, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1011936 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationWork and worker health in the post-pandemic world: a public health perspective
Peters, S. E., Dennerlein, J. T., Wagner, G. R., & Sorensen, G. (2022) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(21)00259-0 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Kruger, A., Vlok, M., Turner, S., Venter, C., Laubscher, G. J., Kell, D. B., & Pretorius, E. (2022) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-022-01623-4 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Al‐Hakeim, H. K., Al-Rubaye, H. T., Al-Hadrawi, D. S., Almulla, A. F., & Maes, M. H. J. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01836-9 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Sukocheva, O. A., Maksoud, R., Beeraka, N. M., Madhunapantula, S. V., Sinelnikov, M. Y., Nikolenko, V. N., Евгеньевна, Н. М., Klochkov, S. G., Kamal, M. A., Staines, D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2021.11.013 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Fontes-Dantas, F. L., Fernandes, G. G., Gutman, E. G., de Lima, E. V., Antonio, L. S., Hämmerle, M. B., Mota-Araujo, H. P., Colodeti, L. C., Araújo, S. M. B., Froz, G. M., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112189 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Addressing the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multidisciplinary model of care
Parker, A. M., Brigham, E. P., Connolly, B. A., McPeake, J. M., Agranovich, A. V., Kenes, M. T., Casey, K. S., Reynolds, C., Schmidt, K. F. R., Kim, S. Y., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00385-4 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Generalisable long COVID subtypes: findings from the NIH N3C and RECOVER programmes
Reese, J., Blau, H., Casiraghi, E., Bergquist, T. R., Loomba, J. J., Callahan, T. J., Laraway, B. J., Antonescu, C., Coleman, B. D., Gargano, M. A., et al. (2022) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104413 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationProposed subtypes of post‐COVID‐19 syndrome (or long‐COVID) and their respective potential therapies
Yong, S. J., & Liu, S. (2021) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.2315 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Long covid—an update for primary care
Greenhalgh, T., Sivan, M., Delaney, B. C., Evans, R. A., & Milne, R. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072117 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Seighali, N., Abdollahi, A., Shafiee, A., Amini, M. J., Athar, M. M. T., Safari, O., Faghfouri, P., Eskandari, A., Rostaii, O., Salehi, A. H., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05481-6 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Primary Health Care for Resilient Health Systems in Latin America
OECD (2022) · OECD health policy studies · doi:10.1787/743e6228-en · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Xie, Y., Choi, T., & Al‐Aly, Z. (2023) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00684-9 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Nalbandian, A., Desai, A. D., & Wan, E. Y. (2022) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev-med-043021-030635 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
ME/CFS and Post-Exertional Malaise among Patients with Long COVID
Jason, L. A., & Dorri, J. A. (2022) · Neurology International · doi:10.3390/neurolint15010001 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Guo, P., Benito-Ballesteros, Á., Yeung, S. P., Liu, R., Saha, A., Curtis, L., Kaşer, M., Haggard, M. P., & Cheke, L. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.804937 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
The COVID-19 pandemic and the menstrual cycle: research gaps and opportunities
Sharp, G. C., Fraser, A., Sawyer, G., Kountourides, G. S., Easey, K., Ford, G., Olszewska, Z., Howe, L. D., Lawlor, D. A., Alvergne, A., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyab239 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Could SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Be Responsible for Long-COVID Syndrome?
Theoharides, T. C. (2022) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-021-02696-0 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Nehme, M., Braillard, O., Chappuis, F., Courvoisier, D. S., Guessous, I., & CoviCare Study Team (2021) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m21-0878 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Characterization of autonomic symptom burden in long COVID: A global survey of 2,314 adults
Larsen, N. W., Stiles, L. E., Shaik, R., Schneider, L. D., Muppidi, S., Tsui, C. T., Geng, L. N., Bonilla, H. F., & Miglis, M. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.1012668 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Kenny, G., McCann, K., O’Brien, C., Savinelli, S., Tinago, W., Yousif, O., Lambert, J. S., O’Broin, C., Feeney, E. R., de Barra, E., et al. (2022) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac060 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
- Authors
- Davis, H. E., Assaf, G. S., McCorkell, L., Wei, H., Low, R. J., Re'em, Y., Redfield, S., Austin, J. P., & Akrami, A.
- Affiliations
- Patient-Led Research Collaborative (US)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Akrami, Athena
- ORCID
- Venue
- eClinicalMedicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-08
- Volume
- 38
- Pages
- 101019
- ISSN
- 2589-5370 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8280690
- OpenAlex
- W3184339862
- Cited by
- 2,881
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 299 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 594 · 2023: 692 · 2022: 617 · 2021: 186 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 249.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- EClinicalMedicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- long COVID, symptom clusters, fatigue, post-exertional malaise, cognitive impairment, symptom recurrence, work disability, loss of taste and smell, outpatients
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
