No fear no risk! Human risk behavior is affected by chemosensory anxiety signals
Abstract
An important aspect of cognitive functioning is decision-making, which depends on the correct interpretation of emotional processes. High trait anxiety has been associated with increased risk taking behavior in decision-making tasks. An interesting fact is that anxiety and anxiety-related chemosignals as well as decision-making share similar regions of neuronal activation. In order to ascertain if chemosensory anxiety signals have similar effects on risk taking behavior of healthy participants as high trait anxiety we used a novel computerized decision-making task, called Haegler's Risk Game (HRG). This task measures risk taking behavior based on contingencies and can be played repeatedly without a learning effect. To obtain chemosensory signals the sweat of 21 male donors was collected in a high rope course (anxiety condition). For the chemosensory control condition sweat was collected during an ergometer workout (exercise condition). In a double-blind study, 30 healthy recipients (16 females) had to play HRG while being exposed to sweat samples or empty control samples (control condition) in three sessions of randomized order. Comparison of the risk taking behavior of the three conditions showed significantly higher risk taking behavior in participants for the most risky choices during the anxiety condition compared to the control conditions. Additionally, recipients showed significantly higher latency before making their decision in the most risky choices during the anxiety condition. This experiment gives evidence that chemosensory anxiety signals are communicated between humans thereby increasing participants' risk taking behavior.
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Exposure to negative emotions increased risk behavior in decision-making tests.
“increased risk behavior in decision‐making tests (Haegler et al., 2010).”
From The scent of emotions: A systematic review of human intra‐ and interspecific chemical communication of emotions (2020) · cites this paper as Haegler et al., 2010
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Ennaceur, A., Hussain, M. D., Abuhamdah, R. M. A., Mostafa, R. M., & Chazot, P. L. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.010 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Croes, M., Chen, W., Feijs, L. M. G., & Oetomo, S. B. (2012) · TU/e Research Portal · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The effect of olfaction on social judgment and decision-making and its mechanism
Shiting, C. H. E. N., & Yang, W. (2023) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2023.01899 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Odor increases synchronization of brain activity when watching emotional movies
Gerardin, E., Delforge, J., Dousteyssier, O., Manetta, C., Gaeta, G., Pêtre, A., Dricot, L., Heinecke, A., & Kupers, R. C. (2025) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617725101082 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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A time-resolved axillary volatile fingerprint of human fearPreprint
Bruderer, T., Greco, A., Ripszam, M., Callara, A. L., Gargano, A., Reale, S., Vivaldi, F. M., Biagini, D., Vanello, N., Perchiazzi, M., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.11.724357
- Authors
- Haegler, K., Zernecke, R., Kleemann, A. M., Albrecht, J., Pollatos, O., Brückmann, H., & Wiesmann, M.
- Affiliations
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Monell Chemical Senses Center (US)
- University of Potsdam (DE)
- RWTH Aachen University (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Haegler, Katrin
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 3901-3908
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2049064817
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- sweat, risk-taking, trait anxiety, decision-making, emotional contagion, decision time
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Anxiety, Attention, Decision Making, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Female, Games, Experimental, Humans, Male, Odorants, Pilot Projects, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk-Taking, Sweat, Statistics, Nonparametric, Pheromones, Human
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