The DOI matches its Crossref record; 103 of the 103 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Ultraluminous X-ray sources in the Chandra and XMM-Newton era
Open accessAbstract
Abstract Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are accreting black holes that may contain the missing population of intermediate mass black holes or reflect super-Eddington accretion physics. Ten years of Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of ULXs, integrated by multiband studies of their counterparts, have produced a wealth of observational data and phenomenological classifications. We review the properties of their host galaxies, list popular spectral models and implications for standard and supercritical accretion physics, demonstrate how X-ray timing of these objects places constraints on their masses. We also review multiwavelength studies of ULXs, including the optical emission of the binary system and nebulosity around them. We summarize that three classes of black holes could power ULXs: normal stellar mass black holes (∼10M⊙), massive stellar black holes (≲100M⊙), and intermediate mass black holes (102–104M⊙). We collect evidence for the presence of these three types of compact objects, including caveat of each interpretation, and briefly review their formation processes.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Starburst99: Synthesis Models for Galaxies with Active Star Formation
Leitherer, C., Schaerer, D., Goldader, J. D., Delgado, R. M. G., Robert, C., Kune, D. F., de Mello, D. F., Devost, D., & Heckman, T. M. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/313233 · Cited by 4,126
CLOUDY 90: Numerical Simulation of Plasmas and Their Spectra
Ferland, G. J., Korista, K. T., Verner, D. A., Ferguson, J. W., Kingdon, J. B., & Verner, E. M. (1998) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/316190 · Cited by 2,494
X-Ray Properties of Black-Hole Binaries
Remillard, R. A., & McClintock, J. E. (2006) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.44.051905.092532 · Cited by 2,409
How Massive Single Stars End Their Life
Heger, A., Fryer, C. L., Woosley, S. E., Langer, N., & Hartmann, D. H. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/375341 · Cited by 2,165
Interstellar bubbles. II - Structure and evolution
Weaver, R., McCray, R., Castor, J., Shapiro, P., & Moore, R. (1977) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/155692 · Cited by 1,736 · cited 1×
“…km s−1, characteristic age∼ 0.5–1 Myr, mechanical power∼ 1039–1040 erg s−1 (independently determined from the bubble expansion speed and from the Hβ luminosity; Weaver et al. 1977; Dopita & Sutherland 1995) and energy content∼ 1053 erg (Roberts et al. 2003; Grisé et al. 2006; Ramsey et al.…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Nucleosynthetic Signature of Population III
Heger, A., & Woosley, S. E. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/338487 · Cited by 1,669
Abramowicz, M. A., Czerny, B., Lasota, J. P., & Szuszkiewicz, E. (1988) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/166683 · Cited by 1,578
Towards a unified model for black hole X-ray binary jets
Fender, R. P., Belloni, T. M., & Gallo, E. (2004) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08384.x · Cited by 1,331
Esin, A. A., McClintock, J. E., & Narayan, R. (1997) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/304829 · Cited by 1,313
Massive Black Holes as Population III Remnants
Madau, P., & Rees, M. J. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/319848 · Cited by 953
Cited by
Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
Amaro-Seoane, P., Andrews, J., Arca Sedda, M., Askar, A., Baghi, Q., Balasov, R., Bartos, I., Bavera, S. S., Bellovary, J., Berry, C. P. L., et al. (2023) · Living Reviews in Relativity · doi:10.1007/s41114-022-00041-y · Cited by 609
Jiang, Y.-F., Stone, J. M., & Davis, S. W. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/796/2/106 · Cited by 451
Metadata
- Authors
- Feng, H., & Soria, R.
- Venue
- New Astronomy Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-11
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 5-6
- Pages
- 166-183
- ISSN
- 1387-6473 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2110200427
- Cited by
- 323
- References
- 103
- FWCI
- 15.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Ultraluminous X-ray sources in the Chandra and XMM-Newton era. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.newar.2011.08.002
- The paper
- Feng, H., & Soria, R. (2011). Ultraluminous X-ray sources in the Chandra and XMM-Newton era. New Astronomy Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newar.2011.08.002
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
