Real-time thermomechanical property monitoring during ion beam irradiation using in situ transient grating spectroscopy
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Short and Dennett et al. introduced in situ ion irradiation with TGS to infer bulk property changes as they occur, enabling quantification of relationships between dose and void swelling, elastic moduli, and thermal diffusivity in single-crystal metals.
“Short and Dennett et al. [13, 7] introduced in situ ion irradiation with TGS to infer bulk property changes as they occur, enabling the quantification of relationships between dose and void swelling [14], elastic moduli [15], and thermal diffusivity [16] in single-crystal metals.”
From A facility for thermo-mechanical characterization of fusion magnet materials during cryogenic ion irradiation (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
TGS is an optical technique that provides rapid diagnoses of thermomechanical properties, is inherently non-destructive, and operates on the length scales of ion irradiation damage.
“TGS is an optical technique that provides rapid diagnoses of thermomechanical properties, is inherently non-destructive, and operates on the length scales of ion irradiation damage [7, 8].”
From A facility for thermo-mechanical characterization of fusion magnet materials during cryogenic ion irradiation (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
TGS enables in situ measurements during irradiation, unlike traditional ex situ approaches such as nanoindentation, X-ray diffraction, or TEM.
“Unlike traditional ex situ approaches-such as nanoindentation, X-ray diffraction, or TEM-that cannot easily operate in extreme irradiation environments, TGS enables in situ measurements.”
From A facility for thermo-mechanical characterization of fusion magnet materials during cryogenic ion irradiation (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
TGS provides rapid, non-destructive diagnoses of thermomechanical properties and operates on the length scales of ion irradiation damage.
“TGS is an optical technique that provides rapid diagnoses of thermomechanical properties, is inherently non-destructive, and operates on the length scales of ion irradiation damage [7, 8].”
From A facility for thermo-mechanical characterization of fusion magnet materials during cryogenic ion irradiation (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
In situ ion irradiation with TGS has been introduced to infer bulk property changes as they occur, enabling quantification of relationships between dose and void swelling, elastic moduli, and thermal diffusivity in single-crystal metals.
“Short and Dennett et al. [13, 7] introduced in situ ion irradiation with TGS to infer bulk property changes as they occur, enabling the quantification of relationships between dose and void swelling [14], elastic moduli [15], and thermal diffusivity [16] in single-crystal metals.”
From A facility for thermo-mechanical characterization of fusion magnet materials during cryogenic ion irradiation (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
Cites
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Concurrent in situ ion irradiation transmission electron microscope
Hattar, K., Bufford, D. C., & Buller, D. L. (2014) · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms · doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2014.08.002 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationDennett, C. A., So, K. P., Kushima, A., Buller, D. L., Hattar, K., & Short, M. P. (2018) · Acta Materialia · doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2017.12.007 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationThermal diffusivity determination using heterodyne phase insensitive transient grating spectroscopy
Dennett, C. A., & Short, M. P. (2018) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.5026429 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasurement of thermal conductivity in proton irradiated silicon
Khafizov, M., Yablinsky, C., Allen, T. R., & Hurley, D. H. (2014) · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms · doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2014.02.003 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Applications of Transient Grating Spectroscopy to Radiation Materials Science
Short, M. P., Dennett, C. A., Ferry, S. E., Yang, Y., Mishra, V. K., Eliason, J. K., Vega-Flick, A., Maznev, A. A., & Nelson, K. A. (2015) · JOM · doi:10.1007/s11837-015-1496-3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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Machine learning in nuclear materials research
Morgan, D., Pilania, G., Couet, A., Uberuaga, B., Sun, C., & Li, J. (2022) · Current opinion in solid state & materials science · doi:10.1016/j.cossms.2021.100975 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“These new kinds of accelerator testing (requiring significant new funding support and investment in infrastructure) would also allow rapid online property monitoring using, for example, laser-based nondestructive transient grating spectroscopy (TGS)[34,35].”
BackgroundMethodThermal Energy Transport in Oxide Nuclear Fuel.
Hurley, D., El-Azab, A., Bryan, M., Cooper, M., Dennett, C., Gofryk, K., He, L.-F., Khafizov, M., Lander, G., Manley, M., et al. (2021) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00262 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationTransient grating spectroscopy: An ultrarapid, nondestructive materials evaluation technique
Hofmann, F., Short, M. P., & Dennett, C. A. (2019) · MRS Bulletin · doi:10.1557/mrs.2019.104 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“6(a)) at the Sandia National Laboratory, pairing a dual heterodyne TGS facility with a 6 MV tandem accelerator (62).”
MethodSelf-citationObservation of Transient and Asymptotic Driven Structural States of Tungsten Exposed to Radiation.
Mason, D., Das, S., Derlet, P., Dudarev, S., London, A., Yu, H.-B., Phillips, N., Yang, D., Mizohata, K., Xu, R.-Q., et al. (2020) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.125.225503 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
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Taller, S., Chen, Y.-R., Song, R.-J., Chen, W.-Y., & Jokisaari, A. M. (2024) · Journal of Nuclear Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2024.155385 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Khafizov, M., Riyad, M., Wang, Y.-Z., Pakarinen, J., He, L.-F., Yao, T.-K., El-Azab, A., & Hurley, D. (2020) · doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2020.04.018 · Cited by 27
Ferry, S., Dennett, C., Woller, K., & Short, M. (2019) · Journal of Nuclear Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2019.06.015 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact of nuclear reactor radiation on the performance of AlN/sapphire surface acoustic wave devices
Wang, Y.-Z., Sha, G., Harlow, C., Yazbeck, M., & Khafizov, M. (2020) · doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2020.08.018 · Cited by 22
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Transient grating spectroscopy of thermal diffusivity degradation in deuterium implanted tungsten
Reza, A., Zayachuk, Y., Yu, H., & Hofmann, F. (2019) · Scripta Materialia · doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.08.014 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Pan, Z.-W., Huang, S.-H., & Jiang, M. (2020) · doi:10.1088/1741-4326/abcc18 · Cited by 19
Using In Situ TEM Helium Implantation and Annealing to Study Cavity Nucleation and Growth
Taylor, C. A., Sugar, J., Robinson, D., Bartelt, N., Sills, R., & Hattar, K. (2020) · JOM · doi:10.1007/s11837-020-04117-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationExperimental techniques for investigating thermal transport in nuclear materials
Wang, Y.-Z., Zhang, Y.-Y., Zhang, Q., Zhu, F., Chauhan, V. S., Khafizov, M., Ma, X., & Chang, Z. (2024) · Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/00223131.2024.2332781 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Taking advantage of the long-range transmission capability of laser beam, TGS has been installed inside an ion accelerator facility to achieve in situ characterization of thermal transport properties of nuclear materials [122].”
Listening to Radiation Damage In Situ: Passive and Active Acoustic Techniques
Dennett, C., Choens, R. C., Taylor, C. A., Heckman, N., Ingraham, M., Robinson, D., Boyce, B., Short, M., & Hattar, K. (2019) · JOM · doi:10.1007/s11837-019-03898-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-term research and design strategies for fusion energy materials
Cohen-Tanugi, D., Stapelberg, M., Short, M. P., Ferry, S., Whyte, D. G., Hartwig, Z., & Buonassisi, T. (2024) · Matter · doi:10.1016/j.matt.2024.08.017 · Cited by 9
Self-citationMa, H., Hua, Z., Sen, A., Yao, T., Bryan, M., Alataş, A., Nosal, E., Adnan, S., Xiao, E.-D., French, A., et al. (2023) · Physical review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.108.104318 · Cited by 9
The In Situ Ion Irradiation Toolbox: Time-Resolved Structure and Property Measurements
Lang, E., Dennett, C., Madden, N., & Hattar, K. (2021) · JOM · doi:10.1007/s11837-021-04993-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationQian, C., Pei, C.-X., & Chen, Z.-M. (2024) · Optics & Laser Technology · doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.111028 · Cited by 9
Simmonds, M., Založnik, A., Patino, M., Baldwin, M., & Boechler, N. (2024) · AIP Advances · doi:10.1063/5.0196820 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Chauhan, V. S., Ferrigno, J., Adnan, S., Pakarinen, J., He, L.-F., Hurley, D., & Khafizov, M. (2022) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0099189 · Cited by 8
High Temperature Elastic Properties of Sub-Stoichiometric Yttrium Dihydrides
Khanolkar, A., Cinbiz, M., Yu, J., & Hu, X.-X. (2023) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4327374 · Cited by 7
Dennett, C., Dacus, B., Barr, C., Clark, T., Bei, H., Zhang, Y.-W., Short, M., & Hattar, K. (2021) · Applied Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.apmt.2021.101187 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“5 μm due to optical access constraints [15].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSimmonds, M., Založnik, A., Moore, S., Nishijima, D., Patino, M., Dacus, B., Lanzrath, A., Short, M., Woller, K., Wylie, A., et al. (2025) · Nuclear Materials and Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nme.2025.101911 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationAutomated transient grating spectroscopy mapping and signal control for large samples.
Weaver, C., Stapelberg, M., Short, M., Wylie, A., & Artalejo, E. (2024) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/5.0202262 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationZaložnik, A., Simmonds, M., Schwendeman, B., Boechler, N., Baldwin, M., & Tynan, G. R. (2024) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0193658 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Development of an in situ ion irradiation scanning electron microscope
Lang, E. J., Heckman, N., Clark, T., Derby, B., Barrios, A., Monterrosa, A., Barr, C., Buller, D., Stauffer, D. D., Li, N., et al. (2023) · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Reseach B · doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2023.01.016 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationTrachanas, E., Wylie, A., Bignami, A., Gazis, N., Short, M. P., Michel, K., Alwmark, C., Gazis, E., Fikioris, G., & Danared, H. (2025) · Journal of Nuclear Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2025.155674 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationAccelerating plasma and radiation surface science using transient grating spectroscopy
Wylie, A. P. C., Woller, K. B., Rae, M., Lanzrath, A., Dacus, B., Ferry, S. E., & Short, M. P. (2025) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/5.0232451 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationUngarish, Z., Aizenshtein, M., Woller, K., Short, M. P., & Hayun, S. (2023) · Journal of Nuclear Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2023.154788 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationMicrostructural and material property changes in severely deformed Eurofer-97
Song, K., He, G., Reza, A., Ungár, T., Karamched, P., Yang, D., Tolkachev, I., Mizohata, K., Armstrong, D., & Hofmann, F. (2023) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2308.07735 · Cited by 4
“However, studies in copper and nickel (different crystal structures to Eurofer-97) have shown an increase in SAW velocity for irradiation up to 5 dpa, which the authors attributed to the interaction of defect clusters with dislocations causing a pinning effect [67, 68].”
BackgroundTrachanas, E., Bignami, A., Gazis, N., Wylie, A. P. C., Woller, K. B., Dacus, B. R., Short, M. P., Gazis, E., & Fikioris, G. (2023) · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms · doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2023.04.002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationUltra-Rapid, Physics-Based Development Pathway for Reactor-Relevant RF Antenna Materials
Wallace, G., Artalejo, E., Short, M., & Woller, K. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science · doi:10.1109/tps.2022.3171497 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“1, 1, 10 DPA), or even monitored in situ during irradiation [16], to better understand the performance of the material over its expected lifetime.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAlmousa, N., Dacus, B., Woller, K., Shin, J.-H., Jang, C., Shao, L., Garner, F., Gabriel, A., & Short, M. (2021) · Materials Characterization · doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111017 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards Quantitative Inference of Nanoscale Defects in Irradiated Metals and Alloys
Hirst, C., & Dennett, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Materials · doi:10.3389/fmats.2022.888356 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Capabilities for in situ TGS measurements during high temperature ion beam exposure have also been developed [87].”
BackgroundSelf-citationExperimental Validation of Models: In Situ TEM for Radiation Damage
Arakawa, K., & Short, M. (2018) · Handbook of Materials Modeling · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50257-1_139-1 · Cited by 2
Self-citationAurora, A., Devitre, A. R., Wylie, A. P. C., Rajagopal, J. A., & Short, M. P. (2025) · Nuclear Fusion · doi:10.1088/1741-4326/add74e · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Dennett et al [7, 13] introduced in situ ion irradiation with TGS to infer bulk property changes as they occur, enabling the quantification of relationships between dose and void swelling [14], elastic moduli [15], and thermal diffusivity [16] in single crystal metals.”
Self-citationThermal diffusivity of ion-irradiated uranium mononitride
Charatsidou, E., Wylie, A., Wikström, N., Giamouridou, M., Moeykens, R., Frost, R., Jossou, E., Short, M., & Olsson, P. (2026) · Journal of Nuclear Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2026.157121 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-Term Research & Design Strategies for Fusion Energy Materials
Cohen-Tanugi, D., Stapelberg, M., Short, M. P., Ferry, S., Whyte, D. G., Hartwig, Z., & Buonassisi, T. (2023) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2311.12187 · Cited by 1
“For example, the more readily measured hardness has been linked to yield strength in some material families 95 , and void swelling during irradiation can be detected via changes in porosity-affected sound speed 96 .”
BackgroundSelf-citationAurora, A., Devitre, A. R., Wylie, A. P., Rajagopal, J. A., & Short, M. P. (2025) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2506.17358
“Dennett et al [7, 13] introduced in situ ion irradiation with TGS to infer bulk property changes as they occur, enabling the quantification of relationships between dose and void swelling [14], elastic moduli [15], and thermal diffusivity [16] in single crystal metals.”
Self-citationHigh-throughput Down-selection of Fusion Candidate Materials
Botica-Artalejo, E., Randolph, J., Woller, K., Wallace, G. M., & Short, M. P. (2026) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.28232
“…up materials characterization by factors of 100 in this study, or improving data throughput by factors of 1,000,000 through a combination of our previous studies [22, 24], we put forth the idea of "Nuclear Materials for AI" rather than the more frequently requested "AI for Nuclear Materials".”
Self-citationVasudeva, K., Huberman, S., Wylie, A., Rae, M., Demiane, J., Botica-Artalejo, E., Trachanas, E., Haibeh, J. A., Woller, K., Short, M., et al. (2026) · PHYSICAL REVIEW MATERIALS · doi:10.1103/3pp5-d9db
Self-citationAnomalous thermal and elastic properties of an epitaxial NiTi film exhibiting R-phase
Repček, K., Grabec, T., Mareš, D., Stoklasová, P., Sedlák, P., Kušnír, J., Veřtát, P., Heczko, O., Fähler, S., Lünser, K., et al. (2026) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.17553
Vasudeva, K., Huberman, S., Wylie, A., Rae, M., Demiane, J., Haibeh, J. A., Botica-Artalejo, E., Woller, K., Short, M. P., & Ferry, S. (2026) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.23247
“TGS has been demonstrated as an effective tool to monitor changes in the thermoelastic properties of metallic materials during ion irradiation across a wide temperature range [28, 24, 25, 29].”
Self-citationTransient Grating Spectroscopy for accelerator applications at the European Spallation Source
Trachanas, E., Bignami, A., Wylie, A., & Gazis, N. (2025) · Journal of Physics, Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/3094/1/012047
“…elastic constants and bulk thermal diffusivity in a tunable depth dictated by the wavelength of the induced periodic diffraction pattern (grating spacing) Λ [10], [12], [14]: where λ is the wavelength of the incident laser beams and θ the angle of crossed pump beams on the surface of the material.”
- Authors
- Dennett, C. A., Buller, D. L., Hattar, K., & Short, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Sandia National Laboratories (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dennett, Cody A.
- Venue
- Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-02
- Volume
- 440
- Pages
- 126-138
- ISSN
- 0168-583X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2905673777
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 3.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms (acceptedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Ion-surface interactions and analysis
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Fusion materials and technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanics of Materials › Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques
- Keywords
- transient grating spectroscopy, ion irradiation, in situ measurement, ion implantation, thermal conductivity, elastic properties, radiation damage, microstructure evolution, heavy ions, light ions
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