The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 14 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
d-Cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning
Open accessAbstract
D-cycloserine (DCS) may facilitate fear extinction learning, but the behavioral consequences and mechanisms behind this effect are not well understood at present. In this paper, we re-analyze data from previously reported null result experiments and find that rats showing above-median extinction learning during DCS treatment benefited from the drug, whereas rats showing below-median (and in this case little) extinction learning did not. Two additional experiments found that DCS facilitated extinction learning when specifically combined with a moderate, but not a small, number of extinction trials. DCS thus facilitates extinction learning only if the behavioral procedure first engages the extinction learning process. The benefits of the drug, however, were specific to the context in which extinction was learned--i.e., DCS did not prevent or influence the renewal of fear observed when the extinguished cue was tested in the original conditioning context.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
D-cycloserine (DCS) facilitated fear extinction only when the extinction procedure first engaged learning: rats that learned some extinction during the drug session benefited, and DCS helped with 12 but not 2 extinction trials. The benefit was context-specific and did not reduce renewal of fear in the original conditioning context.
Key findings
- In Experiment 1, a median split showed that rats above the median learned extinction during the DCS session, with a significant decrease in suppression across trial blocks, F(1, 22) = 54.80, whereas below-median rats did not, F(1, 22) < 1. DCS facilitated later test extinction only in above-median rats (group × block interaction, F(3, 66) = 2.95; significant on the second block, F(1, 22) = 4.73), with no DCS effect in below-median rats.
- In Experiment 2A, DCS facilitated extinction in the 12-trial group, F(1, 15) = 4.76, but not in the 2-trial group, F(1, 15) < 1. In Experiment 2B, the 12-trial DCS effect was F(1, 15) = 3.87, p = .03, one-tailed; pooled across 2A and 2B it was F(1, 31) = 8.69, two-tailed p = .006, while the 2-trial group did not approach significance, F < 1.
- DCS did not influence renewal. In Experiment 2A, renewal testing in Context A showed a significant difference between tests, F(1, 15) = 14.58, with no drug effect or interaction, Fs ≤ 2.01. In Experiment 2B, there were no drug effects or interactions, Fs ≤ 1.71, while freezing increased in Context A, F(1, 15) = 3.97, p = .03, one-tailed; pooled across 2A and 2B, F(1, 31) = 14.41, two-tailed p = .001.
Methods
- Experiment 1 used 48 female Wistar rats in a conditioned suppression procedure. Rats received fear conditioning in Context A, then four CS-alone extinction trials in Context B with DCS 30 mg/kg or saline injected 15 min before the session; tests occurred in Context B, and a median split on drug-session suppression ratios classified above- versus below-median extinction learning.
- Experiments 2A and 2B used 64 naive female Wistar rats (32 each). Rats received fear conditioning with two CSs in Context A; one CS was extinguished with saline in Context B and the other with DCS in Context C, with either 12 or 2 extinction trials and DCS doses of 15 or 30 mg/kg. Freezing was scored every 2 s, with interobserver correlations of r(62) = .97 and .92 for Experiments 2A and 2B; tests occurred in the extinction contexts and then in Context A for renewal.
- Statistical analysis used ANOVA with rejection criterion p < .05.
Limitations
- The paper states that Experiment 1 was correlational and could have been controlled by an unidentified third variable; Experiment 2 was designed to isolate the combination of DCS and CS re-exposure experimentally.
- The paper notes that its results did not replicate Lee et al.’s (2006) finding that DCS increased fear with minimal extinction training, and it lists procedural differences including number of CS re-exposures, session duration, and whether re-exposure occurred in a different context.
- Evident from the text: the experiments used only female Wistar rats, specific fear-conditioning preparations (conditioned suppression and conditioned freezing), limited DCS doses, and particular trial numbers, so the boundary conditions may not generalize beyond these procedures.
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Claims the paper makes
10 Not checked yet · 8 Own result · 7 Own interpretation · 3 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Freezing increased when the rats were returned to and tested in Context A, F (1,15) = 3.97, p = .03, one-tailed.”
§ D-cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning > Experiment 2 > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As in Experiment 2, DCS did not influence the strength of the renewal effect observed when the animals were tested with the CSs in Context A.”
§ D-cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning > Experiment 2 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although these results indicate that DCS does facilitate extinction (loss of freezing) in rats given the larger number of trials, DCS did not influence the strength of the renewal effect observed when the animals were tested with the CSs in Context A.”
§ D-cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning > Experiment 2 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DCS did not prevent or influence the renewal of fear observed when the extinguished cue was tested in the original conditioning context.”
§ D-cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The renewal test had sufficient sensitivity or power to detect a DCS effect on renewal if such an effect were present.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whether extinction was combined with DCS or saline, there was equivalent renewal of fear when the CS was removed from the extinction context and tested in the original conditioning context (Experiment 2).”
§ D-cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning > General Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The renewal test had sufficient sensitivity or power to detect a DCS effect on renewal if such an effect were present.
In the paper
“The present experiments did not replicate Lee et al.’s (2006) finding that DCS increased fear, rather than decreased fear, when it was administered with minimal extinction training.”
§ D-cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lee et al.’s (2006) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“When they separated subjects that had learned some extinction from those that had not, only the rats that had demonstrably learned some extinction benefited from the DCS.”
§ D-cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Weber, Hart, and Richardson (2007)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DCS thus facilitates extinction learning only if the behavioral procedure first engages the extinction learning process.”
§ D-cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning > Abstract
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: DCS is present in the brain during the extinction session when administered 15 minutes before the session.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In humans, DCS administration can likewise facilitate the loss of fear resulting from exposure that causes incomplete fear loss in controls (acrophobia: Ressler, Rothbaum, Tannenbaum, Anderson, Graap, Zimand, Hodges, & Davis, 2004; social phobia: Guastella, Richardson, Lovibond, Rapee, Gaston, Mitchell, & Dadds, 2008; Hofmann, Meuret, Smits, Simon, Pollack, Eisenmenger, Shiekh, & Otto, 2006;”
§ D-cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ressler, Rothbaum, Tannenbaum, Anderson, Graap, Zimand, Hodges, & Davis, 2004 source
- Not checked yetcites Guastella, Richardson, Lovibond, Rapee, Gaston, Mitchell, & Dadds, 2008 source
- Not checked yetcites Hofmann, Meuret, Smits, Simon, Pollack, Eisenmenger, Shiekh, & Otto, 2006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The benefits of the drug, however, were specific to the context in which extinction was learned—i.e., DCS did not prevent or influence the renewal of fear observed when the extinguished cue was tested in the original conditioning context.”
§ D-cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 6
- Probably not a substantial claim. 3
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“rats showing above-median extinction learning during DCS treatment benefited from the drug, whereas rats showing below-median (and in this case little) extinction learning did not.”
§ D-cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“rats that were above the median learned some extinction during the drug session, as indicated by a significant decrease in suppression across the trial blocks, F(1, 22) = 54.80, whereas rats below the median did not, F(1, 22) < 1.”
§ D-cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning > Experiment 1 > Results
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two additional experiments found that DCS facilitated extinction learning when specifically combined with a moderate, but not a small, number of extinction trials.”
§ D-cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In two unpublished experiments, DCS had no demonstrable effect on extinction learning.”
§ D-cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Woods and Bouton (2006) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Woods and Bouton (2006) found that although DCS facilitated fear loss in extinction, it did not weaken the renewal effect.”
§ D-cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Woods and Bouton (2006) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They suggested that DCS enhanced memory “reconsolidation” (Nader, Schafe, & LeDoux, 2000) when it was combined with minimal CS exposure and enhanced extinction when it was combined with more.”
§ D-cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lee, Milton, and Everitt (2006) source
- Not checked yetcites Nader, Schafe, & LeDoux, 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The correlations between the observers’ scores (each rat in both B and C) were r (62) = .97 and .92 for Experiments 2A and 2B.”
§ D-cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning > Experiment 2 > Method
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
DCS is present in the brain during the extinction session when administered 15 minutes before the session.
“the effectiveness of DCS was predicted by the extent to which animals learned extinction during the drug session (while the drug was in the brain)”
The paper relies on this without support.
The renewal test had sufficient sensitivity or power to detect a DCS effect on renewal if such an effect were present.
“DCS did not influence the strength of the renewal effect observed when the animals were tested with the CSs in Context A.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Hence, whether DCS has beneficial or detrimental effects appears to be linked with the sufficiency of fear learning achieved during (extinction) training.”
From D-cycloserine enhancement of fear extinction is specific to successful exposure sessions: evidence from the treatment of height phobia (2013) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Some preclinical data suggest that the DCS augmentation effect is moderated by the success of the extinction trials.”
From D-cycloserine enhancement of fear extinction is specific to successful exposure sessions: evidence from the treatment of height phobia (2013) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Likewise, in a re-analysis of a null-finding study (3) of DCS augmentation, Bouton and colleagues (8) subsequently performed a median split of their sample based on the extinction effects during the drug session; again, a significant DCS augmentation effect was seen only for the animals that had demonstrated stronger extinction learning.”
From D-cycloserine enhancement of fear extinction is specific to successful exposure sessions: evidence from the treatment of height phobia (2013) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Specifically, both Lee and colleagues (9) and Bouton and colleagues (8) found that DCS augmentation was evident only when a sufficient number of trials was offered for extinction learning.”
From D-cycloserine enhancement of fear extinction is specific to successful exposure sessions: evidence from the treatment of height phobia (2013) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Preclinical research indicates that the effect of DCS is to enhance whatever emotional learning has occurred; without sufficient extinction learning on drug, there is no or little beneficial outcome to enhance (8).”
From D-cycloserine enhancement of fear extinction is specific to successful exposure sessions: evidence from the treatment of height phobia (2013) · cites this paper as [8]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- ConsistentF(1, 15) = 3.87reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .068
“F(1,15) = 3.87, p = .03”
The paper states a one-tailed test
- ConsistentF(1, 15) = 3.97reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .065
“F (1,15) = 3.97, p = .03”
The paper states a one-tailed test
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ D-cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning > General Discussion
“(e.g., see Bouton, 2004; Pearce, 1994; McNally & Westbrook, 2003)”
§ D-cycloserine facilitates context-specific fear extinction learning > References
“22. Pearce JM Similarity and discrimination: A selective review and a connectionist model Psychological Review 2004 101 587 607 7984708”
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Self-citation
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“(8) found that DCS augmentation was evident only when a sufficient number of trials was offered for extinction learning.”
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“Furthermore, given that pharmacological enhancement of extinction is usually dependent upon appreciable extinction-mediated memory reduction (Weber et al., 2007; Bouton et al., 2008), and there was no evidence for any such reduction in the CBD study (Parker et al.”
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“Consistent with the findings from animal studies (Bouton et al., 2008;Weber et al., 2007), the result of this reanalysis showed that DCS facilitated clinical improvement when patients ended their previous exposure session with low fear levels, and, conversely, inhibited clinical improvement when…”
MethodResultMyers, K. M., & Carlezon, W. A. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.011 · Cited by 113
“Systemic administration of DCS either before (Bouton et al., 2008; Ledgerwood et al., 2003, 2005; Lee et al., 2006; Mao et al., 2008; Walker et al., 2002; Weber et al., 2007; Woods and Bouton, 2006; Yang and Lu, 2005) or immediately after (Ledgerwood et al., 2003) extinction training facilitates…”
The use of cognitive enhancers in animal models of fear extinction
Kaplan, G. B., & Moore, K. A. (2011) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2011.01.009 · Cited by 113
A behavioural neuroscience perspective on the aetiology and treatment of anxiety disorders
Kindt, M. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.08.012 · Cited by 103
D-cycloserine Deters Reacquisition of Cocaine Self-Administration by Augmenting Extinction Learning
Dhonnchadha, B. Á. N., Szalay, J. J., Achat‐Mendes, C., Platt, D. M., Otto, M. W., Spealman, R. D., & Kantak, K. M. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.139 · Cited by 93
“However, in fear conditioning studies in rats, DCS has not been shown to facilitate within-session extinction as found in this study (Ledgerwood et al, 2003; Woods and Bouton, 2006; Bouton et al, 2008).”
Farrell, L. J., Waters, A. M., Boschen, M. J., Hattingh, L., McConnell, H. W., Oar, E. L., Collings, N., Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Shelton, D., Ollendick, T. H., et al. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22132 · Cited by 98
“Very recent animal[44] and human[45] studies have demonstrated that positive augmentation effects are moderated by successful exposure therapy during psychotherapy sessions, that is, significant within session reduction of subjective units of distress (SUDs).”
BackgroundPsychological Mechanisms of PTSD and Its Treatment
Sripada, R. K., Rauch, S. A. M., & Liberzon, I. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0735-9 · Cited by 89
Harvey, B. H., & Shahid, M. (2011) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2011.06.014 · Cited by 90
Goode, T. D., & Maren, S. (2014) · ILAR Journal · doi:10.1093/ilar/ilu008 · Cited by 93
“D-Cycloserine has also shown some efficacy in reducing anxiety (Bouton et al. 2008), although its effects on extinction are mixed (Fitzgerald et al. 2013).”
BackgroundA return to the psychiatric dark ages with a two-system framework for fear
Fanselow, M. S., & Pennington, Z. T. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.10.012 · Cited by 100
Grillon, C. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.04.017 · Cited by 80
“In rodents, DCS facilitates retention of extinction only if there is successful extinction underway during extinction training (82-84).”
Pizzimenti, C. L., & Lattal, K. M. (2015) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12187 · Cited by 79
“Some drugs may promote extinction, but may not weaken spontaneous recovery or contextual renewal, which may question the utility of these compounds in the clinic (e.g. Bouton et al. 2008; Stafford & Lattal 2009; Woods & Bouton 2006).”
Backgroundd-Cycloserine Augmentation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: an Update
Hofmann, S. G., Otto, M. W., Pollack, M. H., & Smits, J. A. J. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0532-2 · Cited by 76
Testing the effects of Δ9-THC and D-cycloserine on extinction of conditioned fear in humans
Klumpers, F., Denys, D., Kenemans, J. L., Grillon, C., van der Aart, J., & Baas, J. M. (2012) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881111431624 · Cited by 72
“It has been suggested that the effects of DCS on extinction training may only be effective if extinction is well under way (Bouton et al., 2008; Weber et al., 2007).”
BackgroundEnhancement of psychosocial treatment with D-cycloserine: Models, moderators, and future directions
Otto, M. W., Kredlow, M. A., Smits, J. A. J., Hofmann, S. G., Tolin, D. F., de Kleine, R. A., van Minnen, A., Evins, A. E., & Pollack, M. H. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.09.007 · Cited by 70
“Consistent with this account, animal studies indicate that augmentation effects are achieved only with animals that demonstrate extinction at the time DCS is administered (49, 50).”
Cholinergic blockade frees fear extinction from its contextual dependency
Zelikowsky, M., Hast, T. A., Bennett, R. Z., Merjanian, M., Nocera, N. A., Ponnusamy, R., & Fanselow, M. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.08.006 · Cited by 71
“That is, extinction under DCS remains context bound and renewal is not attenuated (15, 16).”
BackgroundCognitive enhancers for anxiety disorders
Hofmann, S. G., Smits, J. A. J., Asnaani, A., Gutner, C. A., & Otto, M. W. (2010) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2010.11.020 · Cited by 69
From Extinction Learning to Anxiety Treatment: Mind the Gap
Carpenter, J. K., Pinaire, M., & Hofmann, S. G. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9070164 · Cited by 77
“Based on such results, researchers began investigating whether the NMDA agonist d-cycloserine (DCS) might enhance the effects of extinction when infused directly into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala or administered systemically, with consistently successful results in pre-clinical animal studies [6,78,79].”
BackgroundBukalo, O., Pinard, C. R., & Holmes, A. (2014) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.12779 · Cited by 73
“…effects of D-cycloserine are also obscured if subjects exhibit poor basal extinction (Tomilenko and Dubrovina, 2007; Weber et al., 2007; Bouton et al., 2008; Hefner et al., 2008; Whittle et al., 2013) or have a history of chronic treatment with D-cycloserine or certain antidepressant…”
BackgroundImplications of learning theory for developing programs to decrease overeating
Boutelle, K. N., & Bouton, M. E. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.013 · Cited by 63
Self-citationMaples‐Keller, J. L., Norrholm, S. D., Burton, M. S., Reiff, C. M., Coghlan, C., Jovanović, T., Yasinski, C. W., Jarboe, K. S., Rakofsky, J. J., Rauch, S. A. M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811211069124 · Cited by 58
“The fear memory is not erased during extinction, but new learning about the likelihood of further threat develops, inhibiting previously formed fear memories (Bouton et al., 2008; Briscione et al., 2014; Myers and Davis, 2002).”
BackgroundPharmacological enhancement of fear reduction: preclinical models
Graham, B. M., Langton, J. M., & Richardson, R. (2010) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01175.x · Cited by 57
“…research to date has shown that while within-session extinction learning is required in order for DCS to facilitate extinction, DCS administration does not result in fear incubation in the absence of a significant reduction in fear (Weber et al., 2007; Bouton et al., 2008; Hefner et al., 2008).”
BackgroundImpaired fear extinction in adolescent rodents: Behavioural and neural analyses
Baker, K., Bisby, M. A., & Richardson, R. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.019 · Cited by 60
How stress and glucocorticoids timing-dependently affect extinction and relapse
Drexler, S. M., Merz, C. J., Jentsch, V. L., & Wolf, O. T. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.029 · Cited by 63
Effects of d ‐Cycloserine on Extinction and Reconditioning of Ethanol‐Seeking Behavior in Mice
Groblewski, P. A., Lattal, K. M., & Cunningham, C. L. (2009) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00895.x · Cited by 52
“Specifically, Bouton et al. reported that when analyzing only the rats that showed above-median extinction levels, DCS (30 mg/kg) showed signficant facilitation of extinction (Bouton et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialExtinction: Behavioral Mechanisms and Their Implications
Bouton, M. E., & Woods, A. M. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370509-9.00088-7 · Cited by 46
Self-citationRen, J., Li, X., Zhang, X., Li, M., Wang, Y., & Ma, Y. (2013) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.02.017 · Cited by 44
The informational value of contexts affects context-dependent learning
Lucke, S., Lachnit, H., Koenig, S., & Uengoer, M. (2013) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/s13420-013-0104-z · Cited by 45
“An additional example was provided by Bouton, Vurbic, and Woods (2008).”
MethodGraham, B. M., Callaghan, B. L., & Richardson, R. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.07.012 · Cited by 49
“For example, Bouton, Vurbic, and Woods (2008) re-analysed data previously reported as showing no effect of DCS on extinction retention and found the same pattern reported by Weber et al. That is, DCS enhanced extinction retention in those animals that exhibited within-session reductions in fear…”
BackgroundBernardi, R. E., & Lattal, K. M. (2010) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0018909 · Cited by 45
Chai, N., Liu, J., Xue, Y.-X., Yang, C., Yan, W., Wang, H.-M., Luo, Y., Shi, H., Wang, J.-S., Bao, Y., et al. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.42 · Cited by 41
L-DOPA improves extinction memory retrieval after successful fear extinction
Gerlicher, A. M. V., Tüscher, O., & Kalisch, R. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05301-4 · Cited by 39
Sartori, S. B., Maurer, V., Murphy, C. P., Schmuckermair, C., Muigg, P., Neumann, I. D., Whittle, N., & Singewald, N. (2015) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv128 · Cited by 37
“, 2013) and further reinforce studies in “normally” extinguishing rodents (Weber et al., 2007; Bouton et al., 2008) as well as a recent retrospective study in patients with”
ResultHandford, C., Tan, S., Lawrence, A., & Kim, J. (2014) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145714000303 · Cited by 33
“In another study, rats that showed belowmedian levels of extinction acquisition did not show any effects of DCS, in contrast to those showing above median extinction acquisition (Bouton et al., 2008).”
ResultDuka, T., Crombag, H. S., & Stephens, D. (2010) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881110388324 · Cited by 37
“Contemporary learning theory (e.g. Bouton et al., 2008) suggests that extinction learning reflects new (inhibitory) learning that suppresses the expression of the original association.”
BackgroundSign-tracking behavior is difficult to extinguish and resistant to multiple cognitive enhancers
Fitzpatrick, C. J., Geary, T. N., Creeden, J. F., & Morrow, J. D. (2019) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107045 · Cited by 34
A Contemporary Behavioral Perspective on Extinction
Vurbic, D., & Bouton, M. E. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118468135.ch3 · Cited by 33
Self-citationD-CYCLOSERINE ENHANCES GENERALIZATION OF FEAR EXTINCTION IN CHILDREN
Byrne, S., Rapee, R. M., Richardson, R., Malhi, G. S., Jones, M., & Hudson, J. L. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22356 · Cited by 33
“[19] However, there is some research from both animals and humans to suggest DCS may be less effective in preventing contextual renewal of fear.[20, 21] In this study, we investigated whether DCS enhanced generalization of extinction learning for children with dog or spider phobias.”
BackgroundThe effect of ketamine on the consolidation and extinction of contextual fear memory
Clifton, N. E., Thomas, K. L., & Hall, J. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881117748903 · Cited by 33
“Furthermore, D-cycloserine, an NMDA receptor partial agonist, facilitates the extinction of conditioned fear (Bouton et al., 2008; Gabriele and Packard, 2007; Ledgerwood et al., 2003, 2005; Norberg et al., 2008; Richardson, 2004; Walker et al., 2002).”
de Kleine, R. A., Smits, J. A. J., Hendriks, G., Becker, E. S., & van Minnen, A. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.06.005 · Cited by 33
“When the amount of extinction learning during training was experimentally restricted, DCS was found to have no augmentation (Bouton et al., 2008) or even detrimental effects (Lee, Milton, & Everitt, 2006).”
BackgroundHammond, S., Seymour, C. M., Burger, A., & Wagner, J. J. (2013) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.022 · Cited by 32
“For example, the partial NMDA receptor agonist D-cycloserine has been found to facilitate conditioned fear responses (Bouton et al., 2008; Ledgerwood et al., 2004; Walker et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMika, A., Bouchet, C. A., Bunker, P., Hellwinkel, J. E., Spence, K. G., Day, H. E. W., Campeau, S., Fleshner, M., & Greenwood, B. N. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.10.001 · Cited by 30
“Badrinarayan et al. (2012), Berlau and McGaugh (2006), Bolles (1970), Bouton, Vurbic, and Woods (2008), Chaudhury et al. (2013), Do-Monte et al. (2010), Fitzgerald, Seemann, and Maren (2014), Greenwood and Fleshner (2013), Lett, Grant, Byrne, and Koh (2000), Morris and Bouton (2007), Nicola, Taha,…”
BackgroundData-driven criteria to assess fear remission and phenotypic variability of extinction in rats
Shumake, J., Jones, C. E., Auchter, A., & Monfils, M. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0035 · Cited by 30
d-Cycloserine facilitates extinction learning and enhances extinction-related brain activation
Klass, A., Glaubitz, B., Tegenthoff, M., & Lissek, S. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.08.003 · Cited by 30
Neuroenhancement of Exposure Therapy in Anxiety Disorders
Hofmann, S. G., Mundy, E. A., & Curtiss, J. E. (2015) · AIMS neuroscience · doi:10.3934/neuroscience.2015.3.123 · Cited by 27
“Unlike SSRIs, this agent itself does not produce an anxiolytic effect, but rather enhances successful extinction learning, thereby augmenting the efficacy of exposure therapy [10].”
Bolkan, S. S., & Lattal, K. M. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.12.009 · Cited by 28
Ney, L. J., Schenker, M. T., & Lipp, O. V. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104081 · Cited by 33
Cognitive enhancers for the treatment of anxiety disorders
Hofmann, S. G., Fang, A., & Gutner, C. A. (2014) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-139002 · Cited by 29
Stress following extinction learning leads to a context‐dependent return of fear
Hamacher‐Dang, T. C., Merz, C. J., & Wolf, O. T. (2014) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12384 · Cited by 27
Extinction: Behavioral Mechanisms and Their Implications ☆
Bouton, M. E. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.21006-7 · Cited by 25
Self-citationTrent, S., Abdullah, M. H., Parwana, K., Valdivieso, M. A., Hassan, Z., & Müller, C. P. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111310 · Cited by 33
“…et al., 1992), whereas agonists of NMDARs, such as D-cyclo-serine (DCS), delivered to the BLA prior to extinction enhance extinction learning (Bouton et al., 2008; Walker et al., 2002) and enhances consolidation of extinction when given after extinction (Langton and Richardson, 2010;…”
Groblewski, P. A., Franken, F. H., & Cunningham, C. L. (2010) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.018 · Cited by 24
“Removal of “non-learners” from analyses in order to examine the effects of extinction-specific manipulations has previously been reported (e.g. Bouton et al., 2008; Weber et al., 2007).”
BackgroundEffects of D-cycloserine on the extinction of appetitive operant learning
Vurbic, D., Gold, B., & Bouton, M. (2011) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0024403 · Cited by 27
“The injection-to-extinction interval was the same as that in our fear extinction experiments (Bouton et al., 2008; Woods & Bouton, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationStress enhances the consolidation of extinction memory in a predictive learning task
Hamacher‐Dang, T. C., Engler, H., Schedlowski, M., & Wolf, O. T. (2013) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00108 · Cited by 25
The effect of D-cycloserine on immediate vs. delayed extinction of learned fearPreprint
Langton, J. M., & Richardson, R. (2010) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.1927310 · Cited by 24
“Importantly, neither fear conditioning nor shock presentations prior to extinction training disrupted within-session extinction, which is an important requirement for DCS facilitation effects (e.g., Weber et al. 2007; Bouton et al. 2008).”
BackgroundTresserra, M. P., Martí‐Nicolovius, M., Guillazo‐Blanch, G., Boadas‐Vaello, P., & Vale-Martı́nez, A. (2012) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2012.11.003 · Cited by 23
Auchter, A., Shumake, J., Gonzalez-Lima, F., & Monfils, M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep46071 · Cited by 22
Neural circuits involved in the renewal of extinguished fear
Chen, W., Wang, Y., Wang, X., & Li, H. (2017) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1002/iub.1636 · Cited by 22
“As such, D-cycloserine does not attenuate the renewal of fear to the extinguished-CS outside of extinction context (14).”
BackgroundMarchetta, E., Mancini, G. F., Morena, M., & Campolongo, P. (2022) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x21666221207162750 · Cited by 17
“These findings were additionally supported by Bouton and colleagues [72] by showing that only rats that engaged extinction learning process, that is, rats with higher extinction learning, benefited from the improving effect of DCS, whereas rats with lower indices of extinction learning did not.”
BackgroundResultAcute inhibition of mGluR5 disrupts behavioral flexibility
Sethna, F., & Wang, H. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.01.004 · Cited by 19
Posttrial d-cycloserine enhances the emotional memory of an incentive downshift event
Norris, J. N., Ortega, L. A., & Papini, M. R. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.05.001 · Cited by 18
“For example, in the fear conditioning situation, DCS administration either before or after training sessions has been shown to facilitate extinction [34–37], reduced reinstatement following extinction [38], and increased generalization of extinction to nonextinguished stimuli [35].”
BackgroundEbrahimi, C., Koch, S., Friedel, E., Crespo, I., Fydrich, T., Ströhle, A., Heinz, A., & Schlagenhauf, F. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.05.008 · Cited by 19
The Neurobiology of Fear Memory Reconsolidation and Psychoanalytic Theory
Gorman, J. M., & Roose, S. P. (2011) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/0003065111427724 · Cited by 18
Mickley, G. A., Remus, J. L., Ramos, L., Wilson, G. N., Biesan, O. R., & Ketchesin, K. D. (2011) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.041 · Cited by 17
“These data are consistent with other findings suggesting that acute DCS treatments can generally facilitate learning [43,44,58].”
ResultBaker, K., McNally, G. P., & Richardson, R. (2012) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.026674.112 · Cited by 17
“2011) but does not prevent renewal (Woods and Bouton 2006; Bouton et al. 2008).”
Memory and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Flor, H., & Wessa, M. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/0044-3409/a000012 · Cited by 14
Sepahvand, T., Power, K. D., Qin, T., & Yuan, Q. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12101274 · Cited by 17
“NMDAR activation via systemic or intra-BLA infusion of the partial NMDAR agonist D-cycloserine facilitates threat extinction [188,189].”
d -Cycloserine reduces context specificity of sexual extinction learning
Brom, M., Laan, E. T. M., Everaerd, W. T. A. M., Spinhoven, P., Trimbos, B. J. B. M. Z., & Both, S. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.09.010 · Cited by 12
Calcineurin Participation in Hebbian and Homeostatic Plasticity Associated With Extinction
Reyes-García, S. E., & Escobar, M. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.685838 · Cited by 14
d-Cycloserine and estradiol enhance fear extinction in nulliparous but not primiparous female rats
Tang, S., & Graham, B. M. (2019) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107088 · Cited by 16
Post-conditioning propranolol disrupts cocaine sensitization
Bernardi, R. E., & Lattal, K. M. (2012) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2012.06.015 · Cited by 10
“Studies have recently begun to demonstrate the need to analyze behavior in subpopulations that show differing levels of responding (Weber et al., 2007; Bouton et al., 2008; Burgos-Robles et al., 2009), including in drug conditioning paradigms (dela Cruz et al.”
Bernardi, R. E., & Lattal, K. M. (2012) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e32835ad246 · Cited by 9
Effects of d -cycloserine on individual differences in relapse of fear
King, G., Graham, B. M., & Richardson, R. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.02.005 · Cited by 9
“, 2004) while others have reported that it did not reduce renewal (Bouton et al., 2008; Woods and Bouton, 2006).”
Combining d-cycloserine and exposure-based CBT for the anxiety disorders.
Deveney, C. M., McHugh, R. K., Tolin, D. F., Pollack, M. H., & Otto, M. W. (2009) · Cited by 9
Adkins, J. M., Lynch, J. F., Gray, M., & Jasnow, A. M. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-05831-w · Cited by 9
“Furthermore, using D-cycloserine, the NMDA receptor partial agonist, enhances extinction acquisition and consolidation when given systemically or within the BLA (Bouton et al. 2008; Langton and Richardson 2008, 2010; Walker and Davis 2002) supporting an essential role for glutamate in fear extinction processes.”
MethodTanner, M. K., Hohorst, A. A., Westerman, J. D., Mendoza, C. S., Han, R., Moya, N. A., Jaime, J., Alvarez, L. M., Dryden, M. Q., Balolia, A., et al. (2024) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107937 · Cited by 6
Otto, M. W. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.06.005 · Cited by 6
“It may have application to adaptation to novel situations or individuals for those with ASD and/or may have bearing on resistance to change symptoms of ASD.”
BackgroundInfluentialSepahvand, T., Nazari, N., Qin, T., Rajani, V., & Yuan, Q. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2309986120 · Cited by 7
“NMDAR enhancement has been suggested as a potential therapeutic strategy to relieve maladaptive fear (61, 62), given that DCS facilitates the extinction of threat memory in animals (40, 41, 63).”
BackgroundCold Pressor “Augmentation” Does Not Differentially Improve Treatment Response for Spider Phobia
Schmidt, N. B., Richey, J. A., Funk, A. P., & Mitchell, M. A. (2010) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-010-9310-6 · Cited by 5
“Furthermore this approach does not require taking medication as has been done in fear extinction studies using D-cycloserine ( Bouton et al. 2008; Kalisch et al. 2009; Norberg et al. 2008).”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Bouton, M. E., Vurbic, D., & Woods, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Vermont (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bouton, Mark E.
- ORCID
- Bouton, Mark E.
- Venue
- Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-10
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 504-510
- ISSN
- 1074-7427 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2613791
- OpenAlex
- W2076008075
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 4.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- D-cycloserine, fear extinction, extinction learning, fear renewal
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antimetabolites, Association Learning, Behavior, Animal, Conditioning, Classical, Cycloserine, Environment, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Female, Rats, Wistar, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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