Microdosing with psychedelics to self-medicate for ADHD symptoms in adults: a prospective naturalistic study
Open accessAbstract
ADHD in adulthood is often overlooked, which negatively affects the individual's well-being. First-line pharmacological interventions are effective in many ADHD patients, relieving symptoms rapidly. However, there seems to be a proportion of individuals who discontinue, or fail to respond to these treatments. For these individuals, alternative treatment options should be explored. A retrospective survey study reported that using classic psychedelics in low, repeated doses, so called microdosing (MD), was rated as being more effective than conventional treatments for ADHD. The current prospective study aimed to measure the effect of MD on ADHD symptoms, well-being and time perception. Adults with ADHD who had the intention to start MD on their own initiative to self-treat their symptoms were measured before MD and two- and four weeks later. It was expected that ADHD symptoms would decrease, well-being would increase, and performance on a time perception task would improve after MD. It was investigated if conventional medication use alongside MD and comorbidities alongside ADHD influenced the effect of MD. Sample sizes included N=233, N=66, and N=47, respectively. The results showed decreases and increases in ADHD symptoms and well-being, respectively. No improved performance on a time perception task was found. Conventional medication use and having comorbidities did not change the effect of MD on ADHD symptomatology and well-being after four weeks of MD. Placebo-controlled experimental studies are needed to explore further whether there is a beneficial effect of MD for ADHD, beyond the placebo-effect.
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Some adults diagnosed with ADHD report using low, sub-hallucinogenic doses of psychedelic substances repeatedly (microdosing) to self-treat their symptoms and improve daily life functioning.
“Survey research has shown that some adults diagnosed with ADHD report using low, sub-hallucinogenic doses of psychedelic substances repeatedly, referred to as microdosing (MD), to self-treat their symptoms and as such to improve daily life functioning (4–7).”
From Trait mindfulness and personality characteristics in a microdosing ADHD sample: a naturalistic prospective survey study (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Haijen, E. C. H. M., Hurks, P. P. M., & Kuypers, K. P. C.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Haijen, Eline C.H.M.
- Venue
- Neuroscience Applied
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022
- Volume
- 1
- Pages
- 101012
- ISSN
- 2772-4085 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC12244228
- OpenAlex
- W4307569322
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 3.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuroscience Applied (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Beckley Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
- Keywords
- microdosing, psychedelics, adult ADHD, self-medication, ADHD symptoms, well-being, time perception, comorbidities, ADHD medication, placebo effect
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