Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy v. treatment as usual in adults with ADHD: a multicentre, single-blind, randomised controlled trial

Janssen, Lotte; Kan, Cornelis C.; Carpentier, Pieter J.; Sizoo, Bram; Hepark, Sevket; Schellekens, Melanie P.J.; Donders, A. Rogier T.; Buitelaar, Jan K.; Speckens, Anne E.M.

doi:10.1017/s0033291718000429

Cited by 78Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderMindfulness and Compassion InterventionsObsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy v. treatment as usual in adults with ADHD: a multicentre, single-blind, randomised controlled trial

Janssen, Lotte, Kan, Cornelis C., Carpentier, Pieter J., Sizoo, Bram, Hepark, Sevket, Schellekens, Melanie P.J., Donders, A. Rogier T., Buitelaar, Jan K. +1 more·2019·Psychological Medicine

DOI 10.1017/s0033291718000429

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Abstract

Background: There is a high need for evidence-based psychosocial treatments for adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to offer alongside treatment as usual (TAU). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is a promising psychosocial treatment. This trial investigated the efficacy of MBCT + TAU v. TAU in reducing core symptoms in adults with ADHD. Methods: A multicentre, single-blind, randomised controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02463396). Participants were randomly assigned to MBCT + TAU (n = 60), an 8-weekly group therapy including meditation exercises, psychoeducation and group discussions, or TAU only (n = 60), which reflected usual treatment in the Netherlands and included pharmacotherapy and/or psychoeducation. Primary outcome was ADHD symptoms rated by blinded clinicians. Secondary outcomes included self-reported ADHD symptoms, executive functioning, mindfulness skills, self-compassion, positive mental health and general functioning. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, post-treatment, 3- and 6-month follow-up. Post-treatment effects at group and individual level, and follow-up effects were examined. Results: In MBCT + TAU patients, a significant reduction of clinician-rated ADHD symptoms was found at post-treatment [M difference = −3.44 (−5.75, −1.11), p = 0.004, d = 0.41]. This effect was maintained until 6-month follow-up. More MBCT + TAU (27%) than TAU participants (4%) showed a ⩽30% reduction of ADHD symptoms (p = 0.001). MBCT + TAU patients compared with TAU patients also reported significant improvements in ADHD symptoms, mindfulness skills, self-compassion and positive mental health at post-treatment, which were maintained until 6-month follow-up. Although patients in MBCT + TAU compared with TAU reported no improvement in executive functioning at post-treatment, they did report improvement at 6-month follow-up. Conclusions: MBCT might be a valuable treatment option alongside TAU for adult ADHD aimed at alleviating symptoms.

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Mindfulness intervention can considerably improve attention in adults with ADHD, with additional improvements in executive functioning, working memory and anxiety and depressive emotions.
“Mindfulness intervention can considerably improve attention in adults with ADHD,60–63 with additional improvements in executive functioning,63 working memory60 and anxiety and depressive emotions.61”
From Biological mechanism study of meditation and its application in mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [63]
Improved attention may be associated with increased activation of the left putamen, globus pallidus and thalamus.
“Improved attention may be associated with increased activation of the left putamen, globus pallidus and thalamus.63”
From Biological mechanism study of meditation and its application in mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [63]

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Additional file 2 of Psychoeducation for adult ADHD: a scoping review about characteristics, patient involvement, and content
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Additional file 3 of Psychoeducation for adult ADHD: a scoping review about characteristics, patient involvement, and content
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Mindfulness based cognitive therapy versus treatment as usual in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Janssen, L., Kan, C. C., Carpentier, P. J., Sizoo, B. B., Hepark, S., Grutters, J. P. C., Donders, R., Buitelaar, J. K., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0591-x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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Hepark, S., Janssen, L., de Vries, A., Schoenberg, P. L. A., Donders, R., Kan, C. C., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715613587 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
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The Feasibility, Effectiveness, and Process of Change of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Adults With ADHD: A Mixed-Method Pilot Study
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Mechanisms of Change in Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Adults With ADHD
Geurts, D. E. M., Schellekens, M. P. J., Janssen, L., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054719896865 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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Cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness-based cognitive therapies for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and cognitive disengagement syndrome: a randomized controlled trial
Kamran, L., Golestaneh, S. M., Pakizeh, A., & Rajabi, S. (2026) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-026-00669-4

Authors: Janssen, L., Kan, C. C., Carpentier, P. J., Sizoo, B., Hepark, S., Schellekens, M. P. J., Donders, A. R. T., Buitelaar, J. K., & Speckens, A. E. M.
Affiliations: Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
Reinier van Arkel (NL)
Dimence (NL)
Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
Corresponding author: Janssen, Lotte
ORCID: Janssen, Lotte
Sizoo, Bram
Schellekens, Melanie P.J.
Donders, A. Rogier T.
Buitelaar, Jan K.
Speckens, Anne E.M.
Venue: Psychological Medicine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2018-02-28
Volume: 49
Issue: 1
Pages: 55-65
ISSN: 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
1469-8978
DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718000429
OpenAlex: W2792981552
Cited by: 78
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3
FWCI: 5.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
Keywords: mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, adult ADHD, usual care, psychosocial interventions, group therapy, ADHD symptoms, executive function, mindfulness skills, self-compassion, positive mental health, treatment efficacy
MeSH terms: Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychotherapy, Group, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Single-Blind Method, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Mindfulness

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Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy v. treatment as usual in adults with ADHD: a multicentre, single-blind, randomised controlled trial

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