The reliability and validity of self-and investigator ratings of ADHD in adults
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Little information is available comparing self- versus investigator ratings of symptoms in adult ADHD. The authors compared the reliability, validity, and utility in a sample of adults with ADHD and also as an index of clinical improvement during treatment of self- and investigator ratings of ADHD symptoms via the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS). METHOD: We analyzed data from two double-blind, parallel-design studies of 536 adult ADHD patients, randomized to 10-week treatment with atomoxetine or placebo. Outcome variables included ADHD symptom severity (CAARS self- and investigator ratings), psychiatric symptom comorbidity, and functioning. RESULTS: All five CAARS subscales showed good internal consistency at each time point. Similarly, interrater reliability was acceptable for each subscale. Following treatment, CAARS total scores and subscale scores improved significantly from baseline. CAARS subscales also predicted changes in other psychiatric symptoms and functioning. Overall, baseline investigator ratings were stronger predictors of treatment outcome than baseline self-report scores. CONCLUSIONS: The CAARS demonstrated good internal consistency and inter-rater reliability, as well as sensitivity to treatment outcome. The finding of greater predictive power of investigator-rated baseline scores merits further investigation.
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The CAARS-S:SV has good internal consistency and inter-rater reliability, high criterion validity and moderate concurrent validity.
“The CAARS-S:SV has good internal consistency and inter-rater reliability (31), high criterion validity and moderate concurrent validity (32).”
From Trait mindfulness and personality characteristics in a microdosing ADHD sample: a naturalistic prospective survey study (2023) · cites this paper as [31]
There was an absence of formal informant ADHD ratings in this study.
“Although not commonly used in adult ADHD trials [34], there was an absence of formal informant ADHD ratings.”
From Atomoxetine Effects on Executive Function as Measured by the BRIEF-A in Young Adults with ADHD: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study (2014) · cites this paper as [34]
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BackgroundMethodA Randomized Controlled Trial of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for College Students With ADHD
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MethodInternet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adults With ADHD in Outpatient Psychiatric Care
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ResultDiagnosing and treating attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults
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“Further, based on the observation of a correlation between investigators’ and self-ratings of ADHD symptoms in adults [39], it could be suggested that self-ratings would be reliable enough to replace investigators’ ratings.”
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“Recent research has shown that clinician-rated measures were more sensitive to atomoxetine improvements than subject-report measures.(28) This effect may be further compounded in patients with HD who often show a lack of insight to cognitive changes.”
BackgroundPotential Symptoms of ADHD for Emerging Adults
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“…of self-report, collateral informant (e.g., parents or significant others), and investigator report ranges from acceptable to good with ADHD-related measures (Adler et al. 2008; Belendiuk et al. 2007; Dias et al. 2008; Magnússon et al. 2006; Murphy and Schachar 2000; Kessler et al. 2006).”
BackgroundPersonalized Treatment of Mothers With ADHD and Their Young At-Risk Children: A SMART Pilot
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“The Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale has demonstrated good internal consistency; acceptable interrater reliability; and, importantly, sensitivity to treatment outcome (Adler et al., 2008).”
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BackgroundMechanisms of Change in Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Adults With ADHD
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“A blinded clinician used the investigator-rated screening version of the 30-item Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale–Investigator Rated: Screening Version (CAARS-INV: SV) to assess ADHD symptoms (Adler et al., 2008).”
MethodNeuropsychological functioning of individuals at clinical evaluation of adult ADHD
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“Irrespective of the type of release profile, ADHD patients have difficulties evaluating the methylphenidate efficacy on ADHD symptoms during and after treatment (Adler et al., 2008).”
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“Although not commonly used in adult ADHD trials [34], there was an absence of formal informant ADHD ratings.”
MethodRevisiting the factor structure and construct validity of the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire.
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Diagnosis and management of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
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“All subscales have shown good internal consistency and inter-rater reliability, as well as sensitivity to treatment outcome [36].”
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“Adler et al. (2008) looked at the concordance between the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS) self and investigator report and found that agreement was generally high at baseline, endpoint, and change scores, with intraclass r ranging between 0.51 and 0.87.”
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“Cronbach’s α coefficients varied from .76 to .95 at different time points (Adler et al., 2007).”
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Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales
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“The CAARS and DASS questionnaires have a high reliability and validity and are suited for the dimensional approach on psychopathology (Antony et al., 1998; Erhardt et al., 1999; Adler et al., 2008).”
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“This approach is highly reliant on subjective measures, and previous studies have found only modest interrater agreement for ADHD symptom levels in adolescents and adults (e.g., Adler et al., 2008; Narad et al., 2015; Zucker, Morris, Ingram, Morris, & Bakeman, 2002).”
ResultLeuchter, A. F., McGough, J. J., Korb, A. S., Hunter, A. M., Glaser, P. E. A., Deldar, A., Durell, T. M., & Cook, I. A. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.03.009 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Although early symptom change may be a useful predictor of eventual treatment outcome, adults with ADHD may be unreliable in reporting changes in their symptoms (Adler et al., 2008; Kooij et al., 2008).”
BackgroundAssessment of Adult ADHD in Clinical Practice: Four Letters—40 Opinions
Schneider, B. C., Schöttle, D., Hottenrott, B., Gallinat, J., & Moritz, S. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054719879498 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Use of semi-structured interviews has been shown to better predict outcomes than self-report alone (Adler et al., 2008).”
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“The CAARS-S:SV is known to have good internal consistency and inter-rater reliability and is sensitive to treat-ment outcomes (Adler et al., 2008).”
Parental Cognitive Errors Mediate Parental Psychopathology and Ratings of Child Inattention
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“…good psychometric properties, including internal consistency, test–retest reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and sensitivity to treatment outcome (e.g., Adler et al., 2007; Erhardt, Epstein, Conners, Parker, & Sitarenios, 1999; Kooij et al., 2008; Taylor, Deb, & Unwin, 2011).”
A study on sexual functioning in adults with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
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Maternal ADHD symptoms, child ADHD symptoms and broader child outcomes
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“…end of the study, and change scores; however, investigator total symptom ratings at the end of the study were lower than those reported in self-ratings and endpoint score was more accurately predicted by baseline score when both measures were reported by the investigator (Adler et al., 2008).”
Neuropsychological predictors of driving hazard detection in autism spectrum disorder and ADHD
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Validation of the dispositional adult hyperfocus questionnaire (AHQ-D)
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“CAARS sub-scores have high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha 0.74–0.95) 35 , high test–retest reliability (median correlation coefficient 0.89) 36 , and an overall diagnostic efficiency rate of 85% 36 .”
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“The CAARS has demonstrated high internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, high sensitivity and specificity, and sensitivity to change with treatment ( Adler et al, 2008 ; Erhardt et al, 1999 ).”
BackgroundCannizzaro, D., Elliott, J. C., Stohl, M., Hasin, D. S., & Aharonovich, E. (2014) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990.2014.916718 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The CAARS has demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity, and predictive validity (39,40).”
BackgroundAbrams, J., Faraone, S. V., Woodworth, K. Y., Spencer, T. J., Biederman, I., & Biederman, J. (2018) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000870 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Five of the studies examined agreement within a clinical setting: two in the context of an outpatient clinic (Adler et al., 2006; Mörstedt et al., 2015), two as part of a clinical trial (Adler et al., 2008; Kooij et al., 2008), and one at both an outpatient ADHD clinic and primary care practice.”
InfluentialBiehl, S. C., Merz, C. J., Dresler, T., Heupel, J., Reichert, S., Jacob, C., Deckert, J., & Herrmann, M. J. (2016) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyw049 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Given that the CAARS scores in this study were based on patient self-report, which was previously found to lead to higher endpoint scores than investigator ratings in clinical trials (Adler et al., 2008), we deemed a minimum reduction of 20% adequate to classify patients as responders.”
ResultPost-error adjustments and ADHD symptoms in adults: The effect of laterality and state regulation
Mohamed, S. M. H., Börger, N. A., Geuze, R. H., & van der Meere, J. J. (2016) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2016.06.006 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“All scales evidenced adequate reliability and validity to estimate ADHD symptomatology, functional impairments, and executive functions (Adler et al., 2008; Erhardt, Epstein, Conners, Parker, & Sitarenios, 1999; Kooij et al., 2008; Miley & Spinella, 2006; Spinella, 2005; Weiss, 2010).”
Factor Analysis of Five Adult ADHD Self-Report Measures
Rodriguez, P. D., & Simon-Dack, S. L. (2011) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711423627 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…literature encompasses articles intended to statistically evaluate the reliability, validity, internal consistency, or symptom sensitivity of one or several specific rating scales (Adler et al., 2006, Adler et al, 2008; Jachimowicz & Geiselman, 2004; Kooij et al., 2008; McCann & Roy-Byrne., 2004).”
BackgroundEbejer, J. L., Medland, S. E., van der Werf, J. H. J., Wright, M. J., Henders, A. K., Gillespie, N. A., Hickie, I. B., Martin, N. G., & Duffy, D. L. (2014) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-014-9670-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“A general review of the literature examining self-report of ADHD did however show, self-reported symptoms were reliable and valid in European (Adler et al. 2008; Magnússon et al. 2006) and Korean (Kim et al. 2013) samples.”
BackgroundLean, R. E., Gerstein, E. D., Smyser, T. A., Smyser, C. D., & Rogers, C. E. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421000961 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Bruyckere, K. D., Bushe, C., Bartel, C., Berggren, L., Kan, C. C., & Dittmann, R. (2016) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0346-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“For atomoxetine versus placebo, statistically significant improvements were detected in AAQoL total and subscores at weeks 10 and 24, and in BRIEF-A Self-Report scores at week 10, but not in BRIEF-A Informant Report or SDS scores at week 10 (no BRIEF-A or SDS data were available at week 24), and not in SF-36 at weeks…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGuideline for Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD in Adults with Substance Use Disorders
Matthys, F., Stes, S., van den Brink, W., Joostens, P., Möbius, D., Tremmery, S., & Sabbe, B. (2014) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-014-9496-z · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Both instruments are reliable and valid in determining which patients with addiction problems should receive a more in-depth diagnostic examination (Adler et al. 2008; West et al. 2003, 2007) 3 .”
BackgroundRetrospective Assessment of ADHD Symptoms in Childhood
Kivisaari, S. L., Laasonen, M. R., Leppämäki, S., Tani, P., & Hokkanen, L. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710397801 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Hence, the participants in this study may have been more prone to report their ADHD symptoms (compare with Adler et al., 2008) or able to describe their symptoms more accurately than individuals who have not been interviewed for a diagnosis.”
BackgroundSharon Suganthi Caroline., S., Sudhir, P. M., Mehta, U. M., Kandasamy, A., Thennarasu, K., & Benegal, V. (2024) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547241226654 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The CAARS takes 10 to 30 minutes to complete and can be used to screen, diagnose, and in tracking treat-ment changes (Adler et al., 2008; Cleland et al., 2006; La Malfa et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMental Health in Adults With ADHD: Examining the Relationship With Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Ogrodnik, M., Karsan, S., & Heisz, J. J. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231158383 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The CAARS assessment has been used frequently in research examining adults with ADHD and has demonstrated good reliability and validity with an overall efficiency rate of 85% (Adler et al., 2008; Conners et al., 1999).”
MethodMohamed, S. M. H., Börger, N. A., Geuze, R. H., & van der Meere, J. J. (2016) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2016.1167174 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The scale is well validated (Adler et al., 2008; Erhardt, Epstein, Conners, Parker, & Sitarenios, 1999) and has been often used to assess clinical symptoms of ADHD (Dillo et al., 2010; Solanto et al., 2014).”
MethodGraben, K., Doering, B. K., & Barke, A. (2021) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10764-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“95 (Adler et al., 2008) and excellent test–retest reliability with r = .”
BackgroundMethodGao, Q., Liu, L., Li, H.-M., Tang, Y.-L., Wu, Z.-M., Chen, Y., Wang, Y.-F., & Qian, Q. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32273 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Boys tend to bemore hyperactive [Adler et al., 2008], while girls are usually more inattentive [Cuffe et al., 2005].”
BackgroundGorlin, E. I., Dalrymple, K. L., Chelminski, I., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.020 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Haijen, E. C. H. M., Hurks, P. P. M., & Kuypers, K. P. C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1233585 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The CAARS-S:SV has good internal consistency and inter-rater reliability (31), high criterion validity and moderate concurrent validity (32).”
BackgroundChamp, R. E., Meneses, R. W., Adamou, M., Gillibrand, W. P., Arrey, S. K., & Tolchard, B. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/69943 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…Conners Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scales Observer: Short Version, assessing the severity of ADHD inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms corresponding to the 18 items in the DSM-5-TR and providing a combined rating for severity and frequency of symptoms [72,73].”
Kooij, J. J. S., Conners, C., Goto, T., Tanaka, Y., Williams, D. R., Allen, A., Heinloth, A., & Upadhyaya, H. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“88; Adler et al., 2008) and from the Netherlands (Cronbach’s a for most clusters of the CAARSLong Version 40.80; Kooij et al., 2008) Additionally, the validity of the CAARS-Inv:SV in our populations during open-label treatment with atomoxetine was very similar to the validities of other adult ADHD…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialParenting practices of Singaporean mothers of children with ADHD
Nomanbhoy, D. M., & Hawkins, R. (2017) · Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare · doi:10.1177/2010105817714805 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Biederman, J., Fitzgerald, M., Spencer, T. J., Adler, L. A., Abrams, J., Biederman, I., & Faraone, S. V. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718776425 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Although findings by Adler et al. (2006) and Kooij et al. (2008) documented good correspondence between self-reports of ADHD symptoms and clinician-assessed symptoms in the initial evaluation of ADHD patients, their informativeness during ongoing treatment has not been assessed. This information is particularly import…”
MethodResultInfluentialOgrodnik, M., Karsan, S., Cirone, V., & Heisz, J. J. (2023) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci13040673 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The CAARS is a reliable and validated 30-item self-report questionnaire, which was used to evaluate ADHD symptoms in all participants [67,68].”
MethodSymptoms Versus Impairment in Adults With ADHD: Intercorrelations of the BRIEF-A, CAARS, and TOVA
Ben-Sheetrit, J., Zurawel, M., Weizman, A., & Manor, I. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716682334 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Maiti, R., Mishra, A., Jena, M., Maji, S., Padhan, M., & Mishra, B. R. (2024) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_3_24 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Primary outcome: Change in the total/combined score on the ADHD Rating Scale Version IV (ADHD RS-IV) [19,20] or the Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M-Flynn, and Pelham (SKAMP) rating scale [21] over the study period.”
Vos, M., Wang, R., Rommelse, N. N. J., Snieder, H., Larsson, H., & Hartman, C. A. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172400309x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-Reported ADHD Symptoms and Interhemispheric Interaction in Adults: A Dimensional Approach
Mohamed, S. M. H., Börger, N. A., Geuze, R. H., & van der Meere, J. J. (2015) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2015/254868 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The CAARS and DASS questionnaires have a high reliability and validity and are suited for the dimensional approach on psychopathology [22, 23, 57].”
Kingston, D. A., Ahmed, A. G., Gray, J., Bradford, J., & Seto, M. C. (2013) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9346-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Towards a Biological Understanding of ADHD and the Discovery of Novel Therapeutic Approaches
Tannock, R., Campbell, B., Seymour, P. A., Ouellet, D., Soares, H. D., Wang, P., & Chappell, P. B. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-373861-5.00010-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Janssen, L., Grutters, J., Schellekens, M., Kan, C. C., Carpentier, P., Sizoo, B., Hepark, S., Buitelaar, J., & Speckens, A. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01133-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Shapiro, Z. R., Huang‐Pollock, C. L., Graham, J. A., & Neely, K. A. (2020) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09780-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Edvinsson, D. (2017) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Milosevic, A. (2011) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-rated costs and benefits of conventional and alternative adult ADHD treatments
Haijen, E. C. H. M., Hurks, P. P. M., & Kuypers, K. P. C. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-79025-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the CAARS-S:SV demonstrated strong inter-rater reliability and sensitivity to treatment outcomes 31 .”
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults
Asherson, P. J., Balázs, J., Bitter, I., Carpentier, P. J., Jaeschke, R. R., Mohr, P., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Rossi, P. D., Semerci, B., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009067287.010 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A Call for Consensus: Research Diagnostic Criteria Needed for Adult ADHD
Friedman, R., & Zametkin, A. J. (2010) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2010.18.2.1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ajourloo, Z., Moghadasin, M., & Hasani, J. (2021) · Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.32598/shenakht.8.2.125 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fard, M. M., Shooshtari, M. H., Najarzadegan, M. R., Khosravi, T., Bidaki, R., Moradi‐Lakeh, M., Pourshams, M., Farsani, H. M., Ghiasi, Z., & Mostafavi, S. (2016) · international journal high risk behaviors & addiction · doi:10.5812/ijhrba.29537 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The CAARS has demonstrated strong internal consistency and inter-rater reliability, as well as sensitivity to treatment outcomes (20).”
BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder in prison inmates
Ginsberg, Y. (2012) · Figshare · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gopin, C. B., Healey, D. M., Grossman, B. R., Campbel, S. B., & Halperin, J. M. (2011) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.759 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Anderson, D. (2011) · doi:10.7916/d8fj2pq1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Salehpoor, G., & Salehpoor, G. (2020) · Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.29252/shenakht.6.6.1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
SMART: A PILOT VALIDATION STUDY OF A NEW TEST OF ATTENTION
Brodie, K. (2012) · HARVEST (University of Saskatchewan)
Diagnosis and Treatment Issues In Adult ADHD
Adler, L. A., & Gasbarro, R. D. (2009)
Toestandregulatie, hersenlateralisatie en ADHD-symptomatologie bij volwassenen
Mohamed, S. M. H., Geuze, R. H., Börger, N. A., & van der Meere, J. J. (2017) · Neuropraxis · doi:10.1007/s12474-017-0155-6
Adult ADHD in DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5: impact of increased age-of-onset on prevalence
Grinnell, M. (2013) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.1792
“Previous research has used a more lenient cut-off score of t > 65, which generally indicates a moderately elevated score and the need for further evaluation 13 (Adler et al., 2008; Hudziak et al., 2005; Rodriguez & Simon-Dack, 2013; Solanto et al., 2012).”
MethodInfluentialالنموذج البدیل لاضطرابات الشخصیة کمنبئ باضطراب نقص الانتباه وفرط الحرکة لدى المراهقین
أبوالعطا, م. أ. ح., & شُهَیب, ی. ص. (2019) · دراسات عربية في علم النفس · doi:10.21608/assj.2019.91841
- Authors
- Adler, L. A., Faraone, S. V., Spencer, T. J., Michelson, D., Reimherr, F. W., Glatt, S. J., Marchant, B. K., & Biederman, J.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Eli Lilly (United States) (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- Center for Behavioral Genomics
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Attention Disorders
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2007-05-10
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 711-719
- ISSN
- 1087-0547 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-1246
- OpenAlex
- W1980060496
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Attention Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- adult ADHD, Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale, self-ratings, inter-rater reliability, internal consistency, treatment outcome prediction, atomoxetine, psychiatric comorbidity, functioning, symptom severity
- MeSH terms
- Atomoxetine Hydrochloride, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Propylamines, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self-Assessment, Severity of Illness Index, Reproducibility of Results, Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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