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Cited by 30Virus-based gene therapy researchGlioma Diagnosis and TreatmentCancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers

An effective therapeutic regime for treatment of glioma using oncolytic vaccinia virus expressing IL-21 in combination with immune checkpoint inhibition

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Sun, Yijie, Zhang, Zhe, Zhang, Chenglin, Zhang, Na, Wang, Pengju, Chu, Yongchao, Chard Dunmall, Louisa S., Lemoine, Nicholas R. +1 more·2022·Molecular Therapy - Oncolytics
DOI 10.1016/j.omto.2022.05.008PMC PMC9233193
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Abstract

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant tumor in the brain, accounting for 51.4% of all primary brain tumors. GBM has a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and, as such, responses to immunotherapeutic strategies are poor. Vaccinia virus (VV) is an oncolytic virus that has shown tremendous therapeutic effect in various tumor types. In addition to its directly lytic effect on tumor cells, it has an ability to enhance immune cell infiltration into the TME allowing for improved immune control over the tumor. Here, we used a new generation of VV expressing the therapeutic payload interleukin-21 to treat murine GL261 glioma models. After both intratumoral and intravenous delivery, virus treatment induced remodeling of the TME to promote a robust anti-tumor immune response that resulted in control over tumor growth and long-term survival in both subcutaneous and orthotopic mouse models. Treatment efficacy was significantly improved in combination with systemic α-PD1 therapy, which is ineffective as a standalone treatment but synergizes with oncolytic VV to enhance therapeutic outcomes. Importantly, this study also revealed the upregulation of stem cell memory T cell populations after the virus treatment that exert strong and durable anti-tumor activity.

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  • In the tumor microenvironment, efferocytosis promotes an immunosuppressive environment by polarizing tumor-associated macrophages toward a tumor-promoting M2 phenotype.

    “While it helps clear apoptotic tumor cells, it also promotes an immunosuppressive environment by polarizing tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) toward a tumor-promoting M2 phenotype.”

    From Macrophage efferocytosis mediated by the TP63-RAC2 pathway promotes immunosuppressive remodeling in esophageal cancer (2026) · cites this paper as [8]

    The Discussion (page unavailable) describes glioma’s suppressive immune microenvironment and tumor-promoting macrophages, and notes the tumor-promoting properties of M2 macrophages. It does not say that efferocytosis or clearance of apoptotic tumor cells polarizes TAMs toward M2; searches for those processes found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The M2-like TAM phenotype supports tumor growth, angiogenesis, and immune evasion.

    “This phenotype supports tumor growth, angiogenesis, and immune evasion, creating a formidable barrier to effective antitumor immunity.”

    From Macrophage efferocytosis mediated by the TP63-RAC2 pathway promotes immunosuppressive remodeling in esophageal cancer (2026) · cites this paper as [8]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Sun, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhang, C., Zhang, N., Wang, P., Chu, Y., Chard Dunmall, L. S., Lemoine, N. R., & Wang, Y.
Affiliations
  • Zhengzhou University (CN)
  • Queen Mary University of London (GB)
Corresponding author
  • Lemoine, Nicholas R.
  • Wang, Yaohe
ORCID
Venue
Molecular Therapy - Oncolytics
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2022-09
Volume
26
Pages
105-119
ISSN
2372-7705 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.omto.2022.05.008
PMC
PMC9233193
OpenAlex
W4281617468
Cited by
30
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3
FWCI
4.37
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Molecular Therapy — Oncolytics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (81771776, U1704282)
  • Medical Research Council (MR/V006053/1, MR/M015696/1)
  • National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFE0200800, 2019YFC1316101)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
Keywords
glioblastoma, oncolytic vaccinia virus, IL-21, immune checkpoint blockade, anti-PD-1 therapy, tumor microenvironment remodeling, GL261 glioma, stem cell memory T cells, combination immunotherapy, antitumor immunity

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