Post-traumatic distress and the presence of post-traumatic growth and meaning in life: Experiential avoidance as a moderator
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Existing models of trauma suggest that for recovery to occur, trauma related cues and emotions require awareness and openness while survivors continue committing action toward valued life aims (other than regulating emotions). Based on this theoretical framework, an unwillingness to be in contact with distressing thoughts and feelings (experiential avoidance) might operate together with posttraumatic distress to predict when people find benefits and meaning in the aftermath of trauma. We hypothesized that people reporting posttraumatic distress and less reliance on experiential avoidance would report greater posttraumatic growth and meaning in life compared with other trauma survivors. We administered questionnaires to 176 college students reporting at least one traumatic event. Results supported these moderation models. This is the fourth study (with different samples, measures, and methodologies) to provide evidence that a combination of excessive anxiety and a heavy reliance on experiential avoidance leads to attenuated well-being. We discuss the implications for understanding heterogeneous trauma reactions.
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As for Kashdan and Kane, direct confrontation seems to be associated with retrospective perception of growth.
“On the other hand, as for Kashdan and Kane [22], this direct confrontation seems to be associated with retrospective perception of growth.”
The moderating effect of experiential avoidance on the relationship between PTSD and growth confirms the study of Kashdan and Kane for the retrospective measure of growth only.
“The assumption made about the moderating effect of experiential avoidance on the relationship between PTSD and both measures of growth confirms the study of Kashdan and Kane [22] for retrospective measure of growth only.”
Mindfulness and experiential avoidance have been examined as personal dispositions that vary across individuals.
“In addition to their utility as psychotherapeutic targets, mindfulness and experiential avoidance have been examined as personal dispositions that vary across individuals [31, 37-39]”
From Mindfulness, Experiential Avoidance, and Recovery From Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. (2019) · cites this paper as [38]
Trauma exposure is an area in which strategies used to manage private events substantially predict long-term outcomes.
“Trauma exposure is one area in which strategies used to manage private events seems to substantially predict long-term outcomes [11,12,13,14,15].”
From Measuring Experiential Avoidance: Evidence toward Multidimensional Predictors of Trauma Sequelae (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Kashdan, T. B., & Kane, J. Q.
- Affiliations
- Argosy University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kashdan, Todd B.
- ORCID
- Kashdan, Todd B.
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 84-89
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2975460
- OpenAlex
- W2036452911
- Cited by
- 190
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 7.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH073937)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Keywords
- posttraumatic growth, meaning in life, experiential avoidance, trauma survivors, anxiety, well-being, university students, trauma recovery
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