Personality and Perceived Stress during COVID-19 Pandemic: Testing the Mediating Role of Perceived Threat and Efficacy
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Prolonged stress is associated with poor physical and mental health outcomes. Understanding the mediators between personality and stress is critical for developing effective stress management interventions during a pandemic. Our study explored whether perceptions of threat from COVID-19 and efficacy to follow government recommendations for preventing COVID-19 would mediate the relationships between personality traits (e.g., neuroticism, conscientiousness-goal-striving, extroversion-activity and sociability) and perceived stress. In an online survey of a representative sample of Canadian adults (n = 1055), we found that higher neuroticism and extroversion were associated with higher levels of stress during the pandemic and a greater increase in stress levels compared to levels before the pandemic. Perceived threat and efficacy significantly mediated the relationship between neuroticism and stress, which suggested that individuals with higher neuroticism experienced higher levels of stress due to higher levels of perceived threat and lower levels of efficacy. Perceived threat did not mediate the relationship between extroverts and stress, which suggested that the source of stress may stem from elsewhere (e.g., inability to socialize). Our findings highlighted that personality traits could be an important factor in identifying stress-prone individuals during a pandemic and that stress management interventions need to be personality specific.
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Emotion-focused coping strategies correlated negatively with perceived stress, whereas a dysfunctional coping style correlated positively with it.
“Indeed, emotion-focused coping strategies (such as seeking social support and acceptance) correlated negatively with perceived stress, whereas a dysfunctional coping style (i.e., the avoidance of negative thoughts, denial, and substance use) correlated positively with it [65,66].”
From Impact of Stress during COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: A Study on Dispositional and Behavioral Dimensions for Supporting Evidence-Based Targeted Strategies (2024) · cites this paper as [65]
The Introduction discusses coping resources in relation to perceived stress, and the Results report an association between perceived efficacy and stress. Neither section reports correlations for emotion-focused or dysfunctional coping styles. Searches for social support, acceptance, avoidance, denial, and substance use did not locate those claimed correlations in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIndividuals with higher levels of neuroticism tend to perceive events as highly threatening, have limited coping resources, self-regulation and perceived efficacy, and thus experience higher levels of stress.
“According to Liu et al. [79], for example, individuals with higher levels of neuroticism would have the tendency “to perceive events as highly threatening and often have limited coping resources, self-regulation and perceived efficacy, and thus resulting in a higher level of stress” [79] (p. 2).”
Dysfunctional coping strategies are linked to higher levels of perceived stress, consistent with previous studies.
“Similarly, also the second association we identified, according to which, on the contrary, dysfunctional coping strategies (behavioral disengagement, denial, self-blame, self-distraction, substance use) are linked to higher levels of perceived stress, is consistent with the results of many other studies [79,100,110], as well as in line with our expectations.”
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- Authors
- Liu, S., Lithopoulos, A., Zhang, C.-Q., Garcia-Barrera, M. A., & Rhodes, R. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Victoria (CA)
- Hong Kong Baptist University (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Sam
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 168
- Pages
- 110351
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7442020
- OpenAlex
- W3080173431
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 4 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 24.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Victoria
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, perceived stress, personality traits, neuroticism, extraversion, threat perception, perceived efficacy, mediating role, stress management interventions, social isolation
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