Replicable Item-Cluster Subcomponents in the NEO Five-Factor Inventory
Abstract
The popular NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R) has a short form--the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI)--that taps the five broad factors with fidelity and reliability. However, conventional scoring of this short form does not provide scores on more specific aspects of the broad-bandwidth factors. In this study, 13 item clusters were found to replicate across halves of a sample of self-descriptions by adults (N = 732). Thirteen factor-analytically derived scales were developed for the item clusters. The scales demonstrated reliability and factor structure comparable to that of the 30 facet scales of the NEO-PI-R. Correlation and multiple regression analyses showed that the content coverage of the 13 scales has high overlap with that of the NEO-PI-R facet scales, but that representation of some facet scales is more moderate. Archival and existing data involving the NEO-FFI can be easily rescored for these 13 subcomponents, increasing the researcher's gain of information from this convenient personality inventory.
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A new look at the big five factor structure through exploratory structural equation modeling
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“However, most of these Big Five studies were not based on analyses at the item level, instead using one of a variety of aggregate scores based on the mean response to different items; for example, facet scores (e.g., McCrae et al., 1996; Saucier, 1998; Small et al., 2003), parcel scores (e.”
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Szücs, A., Szántó, K., Aubry, J., & Dombrovski, A. Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00128 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
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Do personality traits make a difference in teaching styles among Chinese high school teachers?
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Openness and conscientiousness predict 34-SSweek patterns of Interleukin-6 in older persons
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“Openness to Experience was differentiated into three item clusters, namely, Aesthetic Interests, Intellectual Interests, and Unconventionality (cf. Chapman, 2007; Saucier, 1998).”
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Hardiness and the Big Five personality traits among Chinese university students
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Defining the p-factor: an empirical test of five leading theories
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Personality development and adjustment in college: A multifaceted, cross-national view.
Klimstra, T. A., Noftle, E. E., Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., & Robins, R. W. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000205 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“In the current study, we focus on the 14 facet scales developed for the NEO-FFI (Chapman, 2007; Saucier, 1998), which is a shortened version of the NEO-PI-R (Costa & McCrae, 1992).”
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The Curvilinear Relationship between State Neuroticism and Momentary Task Performance
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“In addition to the 5 broad personality domains, the NEOFFI also reliably provides 13 item-cluster subcomponents (Chapman, 2007; Saucier, 1998).”
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“Future research should examine the relative predictability of the facets or item cluster subcomponents (Sackett & Lievens, 2008; Saucier, 1998; Saucier & Ostendorf, 1999), which are similar to but not identical to the facets of the longer NEO-PI-R form (Chapman, 2007; Costa & McCrae, 1992).”
Personality and Physician-Assessed Illness Burden in Older Primary Care Patients Over 4 Years
Chapman, B. P., Roberts, B., Lyness, J., & Duberstein, P. (2013) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2012.11.013 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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“In addition, further studies could look into more narrow facets of the broad extraversion factor, such as activity, sociability, and unrestraint (Saucier 1998), which have been suggested to better predict behaviour compared to the broad factor (Paunonen and Ashton 2001).”
BackgroundResultPsychological profiles in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers
AL-Omiri, M. K., Karasneh, J. A., & Lynch, E. J. (2012) · International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2011.12.024 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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“…dimensions neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, as well as their subfacets (Chapman, 2007; Saucier, 1998): negative affect and self-reproach (neuroticism); positive affect, sociability, and activity (extraversion); aesthetic interest,…”
BackgroundMethodMurray, G., Judd, F. K., Jackson, H. J., Fraser, C., Komiti, A., Pattison, P. E., & Robins, G. L. (2009) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530802326784 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“In particular, recent work by Saucier has found that even the short NEO-FFI contains reliable lower-order facets that might provide useful clinical information (Murray et al., 2003; Saucier, 1998).”
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Williams, P., Johnson, K. T., Curtis, B. J., King, J. B., & Anderson, J. S. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.042 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“For each participant, subclusters of the Openness to Experience factor (Chapman, 2007; Saucier, 1998) in the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) (Costa and McCrae, 1992) were extracted by scoring Intellect, items 48 (reversed), 53, and 58 (Cronbach's alpha1⁄4 .”
Hantash, R. O. A., AL-Omiri, M. K., Yunis, M. A., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1035 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
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“…Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness domains can be broken down into item cluster subcomponents measuring narrow, interrelated personality traits (Saucier, 1998): Neuroticism may be decomposed into Depression, Anxiety (or alternatively, general Negative Affect) and SelfReproach; Extraversion…”
BackgroundCompton, M. T., Bakeman, R. A., Alolayan, Y., Balducci, P. M., Bernardini, F., Broussard, B., Crisafio, A., Cristofaro, S. L., Amar, P., Johnson, S., et al. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.06.028 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“The NEO-FFI assesses an individual’s personality using the “big five” personality traits: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness (Saucier, 1998).”
MethodDivorce and personality development across middle adulthood
ALLEMAND, M., HILL, P. L., & LEHMANN, R. (2015) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12067 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…of both broad and specific traits, in line with the suggestion that personality traits are hierarchically organized with many narrow, specific traits clustering to define broad dimensions at a higher level of abstraction such as the Big Five traits (Costa & McCrae, 1992, 1995; Saucier, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodChen, C. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology · doi:10.1891/1945-8959.14.1.38 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Although the reliability and validity of the NEO-FFI was confirmed by ample research (e.g., Costa & McCrae, 1992; Courneya & Hellsten, 1998; Saucier, 1998), criticisms on “its psychometric properties, in particular its item factor structure” (McCrae & Costa, 2007, p. 116) made McCrae and Costa to…”
MethodPerera, H. N., McIlveen, P., Burton, L. J., & Corser, D. M. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.004 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Chu, L., Tsai, J. L., & Fung, H. H.-L. (2020) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-020-00567-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Findings of these personality studies are relevant because intellectual curiosity is considered one of the sub-dimensions of openness to experience (Costa and McCrae 1992; Saucier 1998); thus, these studies provide additional evidences for an age-related decline of intellectual curiosity with age.”
MethodResultZelenski, J. M., Rusting, C. L., & Larsen, R. J. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00218-5 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Impacts of implant treatment on daily living.
AL-Omiri, M. K., Hammad, O. A., Lynch, E. J., et al. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Jordi, S. B. U., Botte, F., Lang, B. M., Greuter, T., Krupka, N., Auschra, B., Schreiner, P., Sulz, M. C., Biedermann, L., von Känel, R., et al. (2021) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.16365 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Combined Effects of Neuroticism and Extraversion
Fang, L., Heisel, M. J., Duberstein, P. R., & Zhang, J. (2012) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31825bfb53 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“In addition to examining N and E domain scores, we examined component scores for these traits following established procedures (Saucier, 1998).”
MethodInfluentialMeasuring what counts: Development of a new four‐category measure of adult attachment
Scharfe, E. (2015) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12105 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Long‐Term Effects of an Extensive Cognitive Training on Personality Development
Sander, J., Schmiedek, F., Brose, A., Wagner, G. G., & Specht, J. (2016) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12252 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Following Saucier (1998), two items of the Openness to Experience scale were left out (“I often try out new and foreign food”; “I rarely notice moods or feelings that are evoked by different environments”).”
MethodWhich came first, personality traits or identity processes during early and middle adolescence?
Hatano, K., Sugimura, K., & Klimstra, T. A. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.014 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Relationship between Personality and Impacts of Implant Treatment on Daily Living
AL-Omiri, M. K., Hantash, R. O. A., Yunis, M. A., et al. (2011) · Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research · doi:10.1111/j.1708-8208.2010.00331.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Chester, D. S., & West, S. J. (2020) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2020.104042 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Nazeh, A. A. A., Alshahrani, I., Badran, S., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77470-8 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Neuroticism scores increase with late‐life cognitive decline
Waggel, S. E., Lipnicki, D. M., Delbaere, K., Kochan, N. A., Draper, B., Andrews, G., Sachdev, P. S., & Brodaty, H. (2015) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4251 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The science of training II: Prepracticum and practicum training.
Callahan, J. L., & Watkins, C. E., Jr. (2018) · Training and Education in Professional Psychology · doi:10.1037/tep0000209 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Petrides, K. V. (2010) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2010.38.5.697 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“In addition to scores on the five higher order factors, facet (item cluster) scores were also derived following the procedures outlined in Saucier (1998).”
McCredie, M. N., & Kurtz, J. E. (2019) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103911 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Maintenance use of antidepressants in Dutch general practice: non-guideline concordant
Piek, E., Kollen, B. J., van der Meer, K., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Nolen, W. A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097463 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The number of chronic somatic diseases was derived from the Trimbos/iMTA questionnaire for assessment of Costs associated with Psychiatric illness [19–21].”
MethodZhang, L. (2004) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2004.08.001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Personality Change Pre- to Post- Loss in Spousal Caregivers of Patients With Terminal Lung Cancer
Hoerger, M. P., Chapman, B. P., Prigerson, H. G., Fagerlin, A., Mohile, S. G., Epstein, R. M., Lyness, J. M., & Duberstein, P. R. (2014) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550614524448 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Internal consistency reliability was comparable across time points and samples, with a median Cronbach’s a of .81 for domains and .67 for facets, close to the .70 of longer NEO Personality Inventory–Revised facets and in line with reports from general samples (Chapman, 2007; Saucier, 1998).”
MethodInfluential
- Authors
- Saucier, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Corresponding author
- Saucier, Gerard
- ORCID
- Saucier, Gerard
- Venue
- Journal of Personality Assessment
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1998-04
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 263-276
- ISSN
- 0022-3891 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7752
- OpenAlex
- W2032852152
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01da008417-03)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH49227)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01-DA-08417)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- NEO-FFI, NEO-PI-R, personality facets, personality assessment, factor structure, reliability statistics, self-report scale
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, United States, Reproducibility of Results
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