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Cited by 146Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationAutomotive and Human Injury BiomechanicsTraumatic Brain Injury Research

The role of pain coping strategies in prognosis after whiplash injury: Passive coping predicts slowed recovery

Carroll, Linda J., Cassidy, David J., Côté, Pierre·2006·Pain
DOI 10.1016/j.pain.2006.03.012
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Abstract

Pain coping strategies are associated with pain severity, psychological distress and physical functioning in populations with persistent pain. However, there is little evidence regarding the relationship between coping styles and recovery from recent musculoskeletal injuries. We performed a large, population-based prospective cohort study of traffic injuries to assess the relationship between pain coping strategies and recovery from whiplash injuries. Subjects were initially assessed within 6 weeks of the injury, with structured telephone interview follow-up at 6 weeks, and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months post-injury. Coping was measured at 6 weeks using the Pain Management Inventory and recovery was assessed at each subsequent follow-up period, using a global self-report question. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models showed that early use of passive coping strategies was independently associated with slower recovery. Depressive symptomatology (CES-D) was an effect modifier of this relationship. Without depressive symptomatology, those using high levels of passive coping recovered 37% slower than those using low levels of passive coping (HRR=0.63; 95% CI 0.44-0.91). However, in the presence of depressive symptomatology, those using high levels of passive coping recovered 75% more slowly than those who coped less passively (HRR=0.25; 95% CI 0.17-0.39). In other words, those with depressive symptoms but who used few passive coping strategies recovered four times more quickly than those with depressive symptoms who used high levels of passive coping. Active coping showed no independent association with recovery. These findings highlight the importance of early assessment of both coping behaviors and depressive symptomatology.

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  • GET, exercises with a behavioural approach, CBT, Coping Strategies, Psychological Flexibility, and V.R. had positive effects on pain reduction compared to usual care, while Web-BCPA, EFT, matching therapy to psychological features, and physical cognitive-mindfulness did not affect reducing pain intensity.

    “GET, exercises with a behavioural approach, CBT, Coping Strategies, Psychological Flexibility, and V.R. had positive effects on pain reduction compared to usual care (Table 2) [18, 26, 27, 29, 30, 33]. Web-BCPA, EFT, matching therapy to psychological features, and physical cognitive-mindfulness did not affect reducing pain intensity.”

    From A Scoping Review of the Evidence regarding Assessment and Management of Psychological Features of Shoulder Pain. (2021) · cites this paper as [33]

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Authors
Carroll, L. J., Cassidy, D. J., & Côté, P.
Affiliations
  • University of Alberta (CA)
  • University Health Network (CA)
  • University of Toronto (CA)
Corresponding author
Carroll, Linda J.
ORCID
Venue
Pain
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2006-09
Volume
124
Issue
1
Pages
18-26
ISSN
0304-3959 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.pain.2006.03.012
OpenAlex
W2051732837
Cited by
146
References
40
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
FWCI
7.32
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Pain (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Keywords
pain coping, whiplash injury, passive coping, active coping, recovery time, depressive symptoms, road traffic injuries, musculoskeletal injuries, effect modification
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Depression, Disability Evaluation, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pain, Pain Measurement, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Retrospective Studies, Time Factors, Whiplash Injuries, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Proportional Hazards Models, Disease Progression, Recovery of Function

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