The DOI matches its Crossref record; 169 of the 175 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Three-dimensional culture systems in cancer research: Focus on tumor spheroid model
Open accessAbstract
Cancer cells propagated in three-dimensional (3D) culture systems exhibit physiologically relevant cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, gene expression and signaling pathway profiles, heterogeneity and structural complexity that reflect in vivo tumors. In recent years, development of various 3D models has improved the study of host-tumor interaction and use of high-throughput screening platforms for anti-cancer drug discovery and development. This review attempts to summarize the various 3D culture systems, with an emphasis on the most well characterized and widely applied model - multicellular tumor spheroids. This review also highlights the various techniques to generate tumor spheroids, methods to characterize them, and its applicability in cancer research.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This physiochemical gradient generally induces the formation of three concentric zones on a spheroid -an anoxic core in the center containing necrotic cells, a middle hypoxic zone that has a low concentration of oxygen and nutrients, and an outer zone containing highly proliferative cells [53].”
From 3D In Vitro Model (R)evolution: Unveiling Tumor–Stroma Interactions (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cancer spheroids are arguably the simplest in vitro 3D tumor models [114,115].”
From The Tumor-on-Chip: Recent Advances in the Development of Microfluidic Systems to Recapitulate the Physiology of Solid Tumors (2019) · cites this paper as [114]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Currently, various tumor spheroids have been fabricated by embedding cancer cells into protein‐based hydrogels such as Matrigel,[ 64 ] fibrin,[ 65 ] and collagen[ 66 ] as they incorporate specific cell‐adhesive motifs and enzymatic‐mediated matrix degradation which are beneficial to cell proliferation.”
From 3D Biomimetic Models to Reconstitute Tumor Microenvironment In Vitro: Spheroids, Organoids, and Tumor‐on‐a‐Chip (2023) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“An important aspect to consider is uniformity in size and homogeneity to ensure that the results are not in fl uenced by these factors [53].”
From 3D In Vitro Model (R)evolution: Unveiling Tumor–Stroma Interactions (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Tumor cell spheroids are especially useful for studying cancers that form tumor embolus, or a closely packed tumor cell cluster, as happens in in fl ammatory breast cancer [53].”
From 3D In Vitro Model (R)evolution: Unveiling Tumor–Stroma Interactions (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Three-dimensional multicellular tumor spheroids have emerged as more representative in vitro models that capture essential features of tumor architecture, stromal interactions, and microenvironmental resistance mechanisms.”
From Modeling Tumor Microenvironment Complexity In Vitro: Spheroids as Physiologically Relevant Tumor Models and Strategies for Their Analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Spheroids exhibit spatially organized regions of proliferation, quiescence, and hypoxia, and can incorporate non-tumor cells to mimic tumor–stroma crosstalk.”
From Modeling Tumor Microenvironment Complexity In Vitro: Spheroids as Physiologically Relevant Tumor Models and Strategies for Their Analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“By mimicking the hierarchical structure, proliferation gradients, and stromal interactions found in native tumor tissues, spheroids provide a more physiologically relevant context for evaluating anticancer agents and delivery systems [16,17].”
From Modeling Tumor Microenvironment Complexity In Vitro: Spheroids as Physiologically Relevant Tumor Models and Strategies for Their Analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These gradients typically emerge when spheroids exceed ~500 μm in diameter, with proliferative cells localized to the outer rim, quiescent cells residing in intermediate zones, and hypoxic or necrotic cores forming at the center due to limited diffusion [17,184,185].”
From Modeling Tumor Microenvironment Complexity In Vitro: Spheroids as Physiologically Relevant Tumor Models and Strategies for Their Analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, 2D cultured cells are artificially polarized when their cytoskeleton rearranges as they are stretched on the culture plate, which in turn causes these cultured cells to express genes and proteins which are atypical [56].”
From Microfluidic modelling of the tumor microenvironment for anti-cancer drug development (2019) · cites this paper as [56]
In the citing paper
“Spheroids [98, 99] are, in general, considered similar to an early vascular stage of tumors”
In the citing paper
“Moreover, this gradient leads to the formation of concentric zones in the spheroids with a center containing an anoxic core with necrotic cells, a middle zone containing hypoxic cells, and an outer zone of highly proliferative cells, recapitulating the properties of an in vitro tumor [379].”
From Tumor microenvironment signaling and therapeutics in cancer progression (2023) · cites this paper as [379]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Calcium's Role in Mechanotransduction during Muscle Development
Damm, T. B., & Egli, M. (2014) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000356667 · Cited by 14,552
Integrins: Versatility, modulation, and signaling in cell adhesion
Hynes, R. O. (1992) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90115-s · Cited by 9,857
Microenvironmental regulation of tumor progression and metastasis
Quail, D. F., & Joyce, J. A. (2013) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3394 · Cited by 7,994
Molecular Mechanisms of Stress-Responsive Changes in Collagen and Elastin Networks in Skin
Aziz, J., Shezali, H., Radzi, Z., Yahya, N. A., Abu Kassim, N. H., Czernuszka, J., & Rahman, M. T. (2016) · Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1159/000447017 · Cited by 7,323
Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review
Ahmed, E. M. (2015) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2013.07.006 · Cited by 5,800
Matrix Crosslinking Forces Tumor Progression by Enhancing Integrin Signaling
Levental, K. R., Yu, H., Kass, L., Lakins, J. N., Egeblad, M., Erler, J. T., Fong, S. F. T., Csiszar, K., Giaccia, A., Weninger, W., et al. (2009) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.10.027 · Cited by 4,101
Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype
Paszek, M. J., Zahir, N., Johnson, K. R., Lakins, J. N., Rozenberg, G. I., Gefen, A., Reinhart-King, C. A., Margulies, S. S., Dembo, M., Boettiger, D., et al. (2005) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2005.08.010 · Cited by 3,941
Nonlinear magic: multiphoton microscopy in the biosciences
Zipfel, W. R., Williams, R. M., & Webb, W. W. (2003) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt899 · Cited by 3,911
Microenvironmental regulation of metastasis
Joyce, J. A., & Pollard, J. W. (2009) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2618 · Cited by 3,684
Organoid Models and Applications in Biomedical Research
Xinaris, C., Brizi, V., & Remuzzi, G. (2015) · The Nephron journals/Nephron journals · doi:10.1159/000433566 · Cited by 3,519
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Chandrasekaran, 2014, Vol. 9
- Onodera, 2014, Vol. 124
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 920
Badea, M. A., Balaș, M., & Dinischiotu, A. (2021) · Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s12013-021-00982-1 · Cited by 17
Carr, L., Golzio, M., Orlacchio, R., Albérola, G., Kolosnjaj‐Tabi, J., Lévêque, P., Arnaud‐Cormos, D., & Rols, M. (2021) · Bioelectrochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107839 · Cited by 20
12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate increases cardiomyogenesis through PKC/ERK signaling
Radaszkiewicz, K. A., Beckerová, D., Woloszczuková, L., Radaszkiewicz, T. W., Lesáková, P., Blanářová, O. V., Kubala, L., Humpolíček, P., & Pachernı́k, J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73074-4 · Cited by 17
Vitacolonna, M., Bruch, R., Agaçi, A., Nürnberg, E., Cesetti, T., Keller, F., Padovani, F., Sauer, S., Schmoller, K. M., Reischl, M., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2024.1422235 · Cited by 18
Advanced Microfluidics for Single Cell‐Based Cancer Research
Carneiro, A., Palomer, M. A., Esteves, M., Rodrigues, C., Fernandes, J. M., Oliveira, F. A. D. S. D. S., Teixeira, A., Honrado, C., Diéguez, L., Abalde‐Cela, S., et al. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202500975 · Cited by 17
Co‐culturing multicellular tumor models: Modeling the tumor microenvironment and analysis techniques
Shannon, A. E., Boos, C. E., & Hummon, A. B. (2021) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.202000103 · Cited by 16
Wrzesinski, K., Frandsen, H. S., Calitz, C., Gouws, C., Korzeniowska, B., & Fey, S. J. (2021) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1246-0_2 · Cited by 16
Huo, Z., Bilang, R., Supuran, C. T., von der Weid, N., Bruder, E., Holland-Cunz, S. G., Martín, I., Muraro, M. G., & Gros, S. J. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23063128 · Cited by 16
Troschke‐Meurer, S., Zumpe, M., Meißner, L., Siebert, N., Grabarczyk, P., Forkel, H., Maletzki, C., Bekeschus, S., & Lode, H. N. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15030904 · Cited by 16
Ngo, H. T., Amartumur, S., Tran, V. T. A., Tran, M., Diep, Y. N., Cho, H., & Lee, L. P. (2023) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios13020231 · Cited by 15
Biomimetic cell culture for cell adhesive propagation for tissue engineering strategies
Luo, Q., Shang, K., Zhu, J. F., Wu, Z., Cao, T., Ahmed, A. A. Q., Huang, C., & Xiao, L. J. (2023) · Materials Horizons · doi:10.1039/d3mh00849e · Cited by 18
3D Models of Sarcomas: The Next-generation Tool for Personalized Medicine
Xu, R., Chen, R., Tu, C., Gong, X. Y., Liu, Z., Mei, L., Ren, X., & Li, Z. (2023) · Phenomics · doi:10.1007/s43657-023-00111-3 · Cited by 16
Scalable production of homogeneous cardiac organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells
Moriwaki, T., Tani, H., Haga, K., Morita-Umei, Y., Soma, Y., Umei, T. C., Sekine, O., Takatsuna, K., Kishino, Y., Kanazawa, H., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports Methods · doi:10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100666 · Cited by 17
Dou, Z., Lei, H., Su, W., Zhang, T., Chen, X., Yu, B., Zhen, X., Si, J., Sun, C., Zhang, H., et al. (2024) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-024-06507-x · Cited by 16
Anaplastic thyroid cancer spheroids as preclinical models to test therapeutics
Hu, J., Liu, K., Ghosh, C., Khaket, T. P., Shih, H. A., & Kebebew, E. (2024) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-024-03009-8 · Cited by 16
LATS1 controls CTCF chromatin occupancy and hormonal response of 3D-grown breast cancer cells
Ramírez-Cuéllar, J., Ferrari, R., Sanz, R. T., Valverde-Santiago, M., García-García, J., Nacht, A. S., Castillo, D., Dily, F. L., Neguembor, M. V., Malatesta, M., et al. (2024) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/s44318-024-00080-x · Cited by 14
Jogalekar, M. P., & Serrano, E. E. (2018) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.4340 · Cited by 16
Durbin, K. R., Nottoli, M. S., & Jenkins, G. J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-57789-y · Cited by 16
Nieto, C., Vega, M. A., & del Valle, E. M. M. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13112526 · Cited by 16
Fujiike, A. Y., Lee, C. Y.-A. L., Rodrigues, F. S. T., de Oliveira, L. C. B., Barbosa‐Dekker, A. M., Dekker, R. F. H., Cólus, I. M. D. S., & Serpeloni, J. M. (2022) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287394.2022.2048153 · Cited by 18
Marshall, S. K., Saelim, B., Taweesap, M., Pachana, V., Panrak, Y., Makchuchit, N., & Jaroenpakdee, P. (2022) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano12193517 · Cited by 19
Acoustic and Magnetic Stimuli-Based Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Platform for Tissue Engineering
Seo, J. Y., Park, S. B., Kim, S. Y., Seo, G. J., Jang, H., & Lee, T. (2023) · Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13770-023-00539-8 · Cited by 16
High-throughput image-based monitoring of cell aggregation and microspheroid formation
Deckers, T., Lambrechts, T., Viazzi, S., Hall, G. N., Papantoniou, I., Bloemen, V., & Aerts, J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199092 · Cited by 15
Cell culture distribution in a three-dimensional porous scaffold in perfusion bioreactor
Magrofuoco, E., Flaibani, M., Giomo, M., & Elvassore, N. (2019) · Biochemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bej.2019.02.023 · Cited by 16
Koçdor, M. A., Cengiz, H., Ateş, H., & Koçdor, H. (2019) · Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1871520619666191004144025 · Cited by 16
Fan, T. W. ‐., Higashi, R. M., Chernayavskaya, Y., & Lane, A. N. (2020) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo10060249 · Cited by 16
Pinto, C. I. G., Bucar, S., Alves, V., Fonseca, A. I., Abrunhosa, A., da Silva, C. L., Guerreiro, J. F., & Mendes, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2020.609172 · Cited by 16
Tumor spheroid-based microtumor models for preclinical evaluation of anticancer nanomedicines
Khawar, I. A., Ghosh, T., Park, J. K., & Kuh, H. (2021) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40005-021-00534-y · Cited by 15
Rapid and reproducible generation of glioblastoma spheroids for high-throughput drug screening
Bach, C., Glasow, A., Baran-Schmidt, R., Oppermann, H., Bach, C. T., Meixensberger, J., Güresir, E., & Gaunitz, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2024.1471012 · Cited by 15
Organoid models in oncology: advancing precision cancer therapy and vaccine development
Xiao, Y., Li, Y., Jing, X., Weng, L., Liu, X., Liu, Q., & Chen, K. (2025) · Cancer Biology and Medicine · doi:10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2025.0127 · Cited by 20
Mishriki, S., Aithal, S., Gupta, T., Sahu, R. P., Geng, F., & Puri, I. K. (2020) · Research · doi:10.34133/2020/3970530 · Cited by 15
Mora-Molina, R., & López‐Rivas, A. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23168987 · Cited by 15
Rani, V., & Prabhu, A. (2022) · Current Research in Translational Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.retram.2022.103376 · Cited by 15
Mhaidly, N., Journé, F., Najem, A., Stock, L., Trelcat, A., Dequanter, D., Saussez, S., & Descamps, G. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241612813 · Cited by 18
Deep style transfer to deal with the domain shift problem on spheroid segmentation
García-Domínguez, M., Domínguez, C., Heras, J., Mata, E. J., & Pascual, V. (2023) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2023.127105 · Cited by 17
The influence of spheroid maturity on fusion dynamics and micro-tissue assembly in 3D tumor models
Pan, R., Lin, C., Yang, X., Xie, Y., Gao, L., & Yu, L. D. (2024) · Biofabrication · doi:10.1088/1758-5090/ad4392 · Cited by 15
Advanced Hydrogels in Breast Cancer Therapy
Gao, X., Caruso, B. R., & Li, W. (2024) · Gels · doi:10.3390/gels10070479 · Cited by 17
Kim, C., Zhu, Z., Barbazuk, W. B., Bacher, R. L., & Vulpe, C. D. (2024) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.10.004 · Cited by 16
Uptake and efflux of FL118 and two FL118 derivatives in 3D cell model
Zhou, L., Weng, Q., Zheng, Y., Zhou, Y., Li, Q., & Li, F. (2019) · Cytotechnology · doi:10.1007/s10616-019-00322-5 · Cited by 15
Jimma, Y., Jimma, K., Yachi, M., Hakata, S., Habano, W., Ozawa, S., & Terashima, J. (2019) · Cancer Investigation · doi:10.1080/07357907.2019.1655760 · Cited by 15
A stimuli-responsive combination therapy for recovering p53-inactivation associated drug resistance
Guo, L., Xu, Y., Zhou, A., Zhang, L., Sun, L., Gao, Y., Chen, J., Shan, X., Zhang, J., Ge, J., et al. (2019) · Materials Science and Engineering C · doi:10.1016/j.msec.2019.110403 · Cited by 15
Honeder, S. E., Tomin, T., Nebel, L., Gindlhuber, J., Fritz‐Wallace, K., Schinagl, M., Heininger, C., Schittmayer, M., Ghaffari‐Tabrizi‐Wizsy, N., & Birner‐Gruenberger, R. (2021) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100095 · Cited by 14
Kniebs, C., Luengen, A. E., Guenther, D., Cornelissen, C. G., Schmitz‐Rode, T., Jockenhoevel, S., & Thiebes, A. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.761846 · Cited by 15
Three-dimensional models: a novel approach for lymphoma research
Rossi, M., Alviano, F., Righi, S., Sabattini, E., & Agostinelli, C. (2022) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-021-03897-9 · Cited by 16
Csukovich, G., Pratscher, B., & Burgener, I. A. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12182461 · Cited by 17
The Third Dimension in Cell Culture: From 2D to 3D Culture Formats
Charwat, V., & Egger, D. (2018) · Learning materials in biosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74854-2_5 · Cited by 15
Baranyi, M., Rittler, D., Molnár, E., Shirasawa, S., Jalsovszky, I., Varga, I. K., Hegedüs, L., Németh, A., Dank, M., Aigner, C., et al. (2020) · Pathology & Oncology Research · doi:10.1007/s12253-019-00789-9 · Cited by 15
CNC-Milled Superhydrophobic Macroporous Monoliths for 3D Cell Culture
Hayase, G., & Yoshino, D. (2020) · ACS Applied Bio Materials · doi:10.1021/acsabm.0c00719 · Cited by 15
Elberskirch, L., Harzic, R. L., Scheglmann, D., Wieland, G. D., Wiehe, A., Mathieu‐Gaedke, M., Golf, H. R. A., von Briesen, H., & Wagner, S. (2021) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106046 · Cited by 14
Liu, M., Zhong, Y., Chen, Y., Wu, L., Chen, W., Lin, X., Lei, Y., & Liu, A. (2021) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2021.339409 · Cited by 15
González‐Lana, S., Ranđelović, T., Ciriza, J., López‐Valdeolivas, M., Monge, R., Sánchez‐Somolinos, C., & Ochoa, I. (2023) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/d3lc00075c · Cited by 14
Is Spheroid a Relevant Model to Address Fibrogenesis in Keloid Research?
Dirand, Z., Tissot, M., Chatelain, B., Viennet, C., & Rolin, G. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11092350 · Cited by 14
Clayton, N. P., Burwell, A. D., Jensen, H. L., Williams, B. F., Brown, Q. D., Ovwigho, P., Ramaiahgari, S., Hermon, T., & Dixon, D. (2018) · Toxicologic Pathology · doi:10.1177/0192623318789069 · Cited by 14
Methods for in vitro modeling of glioma invasion: Choosing tools to meet the need
Dundar, B., Markwell, S. M., Sharma, N. V., Olson, C. L., Mukherjee, S., & Brat, D. J. (2020) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23813 · Cited by 18
Oyama, R., Kito, F., Takahashi, M., Hattori, E., Noguchi, R., Takai, Y., Sakumoto, M., Qiao, Z., Toki, S., Sugawara, M., et al. (2020) · Cancer Cell International · doi:10.1186/s12935-020-1128-z · Cited by 14
Serizawa, T., Maeda, T., Yamaguchi, S., & Sawada, T. (2020) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02294 · Cited by 14
Advances in the use of 3D colorectal cancer models for novel drug discovery
Baião, A., Dias, S., Soares, A. F., Pereira, C. L., Oliveíra, C., & Sarmento, B. F. C. C. (2022) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2022.2056162 · Cited by 13
Eini, L., Naseri, M., Karimi‐Busheri, F., Bozorgmehr, M., Ghods, R., & Madjd, Z. (2022) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-022-04303-8 · Cited by 14
Physical and biological advances in endothelial cell-based engineered co-culture model systems
Mierke, C. T. (2023) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.01.012 · Cited by 14
Piecyk, M., Triki, M., Laval, P., Duret, C., Fauvre, J., Cussonneau, L., Machon, C., Guitton, J., Rama, N., Gibert, B., et al. (2023) · Molecular Oncology · doi:10.1002/1878-0261.13491 · Cited by 14
Tumor in 3D: In Vitro Complex Cellular Models to Improve Nanodrugs Cancer Therapy
Fernandes, S., Cassani, M., Pagliari, S., Filipenský, P., Cavalieri, F., & Forte, G. (2020) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867327666200625151134 · Cited by 15
Olofsson, K., Carannante, V., Takai, M., Önfelt, B., & Wiklund, M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-96288-6 · Cited by 13
Sinenko, I. L., Turnell‐Ritson, R. C., Munier, F. L., & Dyson, P. J. (2023) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2023.109447 · Cited by 13
Xu, Y., Zhou, A., Chen, W., Yan, Y., Chen, K., Zhou, X., Tian, Z., Zhang, X., Wu, H., Fu, Z., et al. (2023) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202304172 · Cited by 13
Spheroid Model of Mammary Tumor Cells: Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Doxorubicin Response
Coelho, L. L., Vianna, M. M., da Silva, D. M., Gonzaga, B. M. D. S., Ferreira, R. R., Monteiro, A. C., Bonomo, A. C., Manso, P. P. D. A., Carvalho, M. A., Vargas, F. R., et al. (2024) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology13070463 · Cited by 16
Zhao, Y., Tang, X., Lei, T., Fu, D., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2024.1448089 · Cited by 14
Biomaterials-based strategies for in vitro neural models
Özgün, A., Lomboni, D. J., Arnott, H. G., Staines, W. A., Woulfe, J., & Variola, F. (2022) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/d1bm01361k · Cited by 13
Gong, K., Hong, Q., Wu, H., Wang, F., Zhong, L., Shen, L., Xu, P., Zhang, W., Cao, H., Zhan, Y.-Y., et al. (2022) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2022.01.023 · Cited by 13
Baka, Z., Stiefel, M., Figarol, A., Godier, C., Mallick, A., Joubert, O., Ashammakhi, N. A., Gaffet, É., & Alem, H. (2022) · Progress in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1088/2516-1091/ac8259 · Cited by 13
Kuznetcova, I., Ostojić, M., Gligorijević, N., Aranđelović, S., & Arion, V. B. (2022) · Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03134 · Cited by 13
Liu, J., Yan, F., Chen, H., Wang, W., Liu, W., Hao, K., Wang, G., Zhou, F., & Zhang, J. (2017) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.13909 · Cited by 13
Primary colonospheres maintain stem cell‐like key features after cryopreservation
Eini, L., Naseri, M., Karimi‐Busheri, F., Bozorgmehr, M., Ghods, R., & Madjd, Z. (2019) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.29150 · Cited by 13
Kunigenas, L., Stankevičius, V., Dulskas, A., Budginaite, E., Alzbutas, G., Stratilatovas, E., Cordes, N., & Sužiedėlis, K. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10040613 · Cited by 13
In Vitro and In Vivo Tumor Models for the Evaluation of Anticancer Nanoparticles
Abreu, T. R., Biscaia-Caleiras, M., Gonçalves, N., Fonseca, N. A., & Moreira, J. N. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58174-9_12 · Cited by 14
Mokhtari, R. B., Qorri, B., Sambi, M., Baluch, N., Kumar, S., Das, B., Szewczuk, M. R., Yeger, H., & Cheng, H. M. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13112784 · Cited by 13
Effects of Gallic Acid on Endometrial Cancer Cells in Two and Three Dimensional Cell Culture Models
Bülbül, M. V., Karabulut, S., Kalender, S. M., & Keskin, İ. (2021) · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.6.1745 · Cited by 13
Microphysiological systems as models for immunologically ‘cold’ tumors
Gaebler, D., Hachey, S. J., & Hughes, C. C. W. (2024) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2024.1389012 · Cited by 14
“…in vitro models to improve the drug development pipeline and explore more personalized treatment approaches in ovarian cancer has led researchers to combine cancer spheroids with 3D micro fl uidic approaches (Dadgar et al. (2020); Nath and Devi (2016); Cui et al. (2017); Gupta et al. (2022).”
BackgroundNew frontiers in anti-cancer drug testing: The need for a relevant In vitro testing model
M, A. V. A., Usha Nandhini, S., Kumar, V., Thangam, T., & Parthasarathy, K. (2024) · NAM journal. · doi:10.1016/j.namjnl.2024.100003 · Cited by 13
Berker, Y., ElHarouni, D., Peterziel, H., Fiesel, P., Witt, O., Oehme, I., Schlesner, M., & Oppermann, S. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2022.3205554 · Cited by 12
Morán-Álvarez, A., González‐Menéndez, P., Mayo, J. C., & Sainz, R. M. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24032717 · Cited by 13
Molecular Mechanisms of Tumor Cell Stemness Modulation during Formation of Spheroids
Ponomarev, A. S., Gilazieva, Z., Solovyeva, V. V., & Rizvanov, A. A. (2023) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.1134/s0006297923070106 · Cited by 11
Cadavid, J. L., Li, N. T., & McGuigan, A. P. (2024) · Biophysics Reviews · doi:10.1063/5.0179125 · Cited by 11
Formation of Stable Vascular Networks by 3D Coaxial Printing and Schiff-Based Reaction
Shan, J., Kong, Z., & Wang, X. (2024) · Gels · doi:10.3390/gels10060366 · Cited by 12
Three-dimensional breast cancer tumor models based on natural hydrogels: a review
Shu, Y., Li, B., Ma, H., Liu, J., Cheng, Y. Y., Li, X., Liu, T., Yang, C., Ma, X., & Song, K. (2024) · Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B · doi:10.1631/jzus.b2300840 · Cited by 12
Hernández-Hatibi, S., Borau, C., Martínez‐Bosch, N., Navarro, P., García‐Aznar, J. M., & Guerrero, P. E. (2025) · APL Bioengineering · doi:10.1063/5.0242490 · Cited by 15
Three-dimensional preclinical models for Osteosarcoma: Advances and translational prospects
Puce, A., Ferraresi, V., Biagini, R., Soddu, S., & Loria, R. (2025) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118471 · Cited by 14
Zhao, Y., Liu, H., Zhao, C., Dang, P., Li, H., & Farzaneh, M. (2019) · Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.2174/1574888x15666191224122058 · Cited by 12
All-in-one rheometry and nonlinear rheology of multicellular aggregates
Mary, G., Mazuel, F., Nier, V., Fage, F., Nagle, I., Devaud, L., Bacri, J.-C., Asnacios, S., Asnacios, A., Gay, C., et al. (2022) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.105.054407 · Cited by 12
Calitz, C., Pavlović, N., Rosenquist, J., Zagami, C., Samanta, A., & Heindryckx, F. (2020) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/61606-v · Cited by 12
Sekihara, K., Himuro, H., Saito, N., Ota, Y., Kouro, T., Kusano, Y., Minohara, S., Hirayama, R., Katoh, H., Sasada, T., et al. (2022) · Cancer Cell International · doi:10.1186/s12935-022-02810-9 · Cited by 14
Geometric tumor embolic budding characterizes inflammatory breast cancer
Modi, A. P., Nguyen, J. P. T., Wang, J. Q., Ahn, J. S., Libling, W. A., Klein, J., Mazumder, P., & Barsky, S. H. (2022) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-022-06819-6 · Cited by 12
Generation of High-Throughput Three-Dimensional Tumor Spheroids for Drug Screening
Griner, L. A. M., Gampa, K., Do, T., Nguyen, H. T. L., FARLEY, D. L., Hogan, C. J., Auld, D. S., & Silver, S. J. (2018) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/57476 · Cited by 12
Flørenes, V. A., Karlsen, K. F., McFadden, E., Bergheim, I. R., Nygaard, V., Nygård, V., Farstad, I. N., Øy, G. F., Emilsen, E., Fleten, K. G., et al. (2019) · Translational Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.tranon.2019.04.001 · Cited by 12
In Vitro and Ex Vivo Models – The Tumor Microenvironment in a Flask
Pinto, C., Estrada, M. F., & Brito, C. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34025-4_23 · Cited by 12
CHK1 inhibition exacerbates replication stress induced by IGF blockade
Wu, X., Seraia, E., Hatch, S. B., Wan, X., Ebner, D. V., Aroldi, F., Jiang, Y., Ryan, A. J., Bogenrieder, T., Weyer-Czernilofsky, U., et al. (2021) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/s41388-021-02080-1 · Cited by 12
Investigating TNS4 in the Colorectal Tumor Microenvironment Using 3D Spheroid Models of Invasion
Raposo, T. P., Susanti, S., & Ilyas, M. (2020) · Advanced Biosystems · doi:10.1002/adbi.202000031 · Cited by 12
Kiyomi, A., Miyakawa, R., Matsumoto, J., Yamazaki, K., Imai, S., Yuan, B., Hirano, T., & Sugiura, M. (2020) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2020.12191 · Cited by 11
Yan, F., Mutembei, B. M., Valerio, T. I., Gunay, G., Ha, J.-H., Zhang, Q., Wang, C., Mercyshalinie, E. R. S., Alhajeri, Z. A., Zhang, F., et al. (2024) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.514079 · Cited by 11
Pérez-Aliacar, M., Ayensa-Jiménez, J., Ranđelović, T., Ochoa, I., & Doblaré, M. (2024) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108866 · Cited by 12
Targeting SWI/SNF ATPases reduces neuroblastoma cell plasticity
Xu, M., Hong, J. J., Zhang, X., Sun, M. H., Liu, X., Kang, J., Stack, H. G., Fang, W., Lei, H., Lacoste, X., et al. (2024) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/s44318-024-00206-1 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Nath, S., & Devi, G. R.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Devi, Gayathri R.
- ORCID
- Devi, Gayathri R.
- Venue
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 163
- Pages
- 94-108
- ISSN
- 0163-7258 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4961208
- OpenAlex
- W2332155194
- Cited by
- 919
- References
- 175
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 100 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 137 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 11
- FWCI
- 6.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (CA014236)
- Department of Defense (W81XWH-13-1-0047)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › Mathematical Biology Tumor Growth
- Keywords
- tumor spheroids, tumor cell culture, cell-matrix interactions, tumor heterogeneity, tumor-host interaction, high-throughput drug screening, anticancer drug discovery
- MeSH terms
- Antineoplastic Agents, Cell Communication, Cell Movement, Flow Cytometry, Humans, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Neoplasms, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Microscopy, Confocal, Spheroids, Cellular, Cell Culture Techniques, Hydrogels, Tumor Microenvironment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
