Oxyberberine, a novel gut microbiota-mediated metabolite of berberine, possesses superior anti-colitis effect: Impact on intestinal epithelial barrier, gut microbiota profile and TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway
Abstract
Berberine (BBR), a naturally-occurring isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from several Chinese herbal medicines, has been widely used for the treatment of dysentery and colitis. However, its blood concentration was less than 1 %, and intestinal microflora-mediated metabolites of BBR were considered to be the important material basis for the bioactivities of BBR. Here, we investigated the anti-colitis activity and potential mechanism of oxyberberine (OBB), a novel gut microbiota metabolite of BBR, in DSS-induced colitis mice. Balb/C mice treated with 3 % DSS in drinking water to induce acute colitis were orally administrated with OBB once daily for 8 days. Clinical symptoms were analyzed, and biological samples were collected for microscopic, immune-inflammation, intestinal barrier function, and gut microbiota analysis. Results showed that OBB significantly attenuated DSS-induced clinical manifestations, colon shortening and histological injury in the mice with colitis, which achieved similar therapeutic effect to azathioprine (AZA) and was superior to BBR. Furthermore, OBB remarkably ameliorated colonic inflammatory response and intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction. OBB appreciably inhibited TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway through down-regulating the protein expressions of TLR4 and MyD88, inhibiting the phosphorylation of IκBα, and the translocation of NF-κB p65 from cytoplasm to nucleus. Moreover, OBB markedly modulated the gut dysbiosis induced by DSS and restored the dysbacteria to normal level. Taken together, the result for the first time revealed that OBB effectively improved DSS-induced experimental colitis, at least partly through maintaining the colonic integrity, inhibiting inflammation response, and modulating gut microflora profile.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Astragaloside IV induced TJ protein expression by suppressing RhoA/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways in a sepsis model.
“It was shown that a bioactive compound from Astragalus membranaceus, Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) induced TJ protein expression by suppressing RhoA/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways in a sepsis model.197”
From Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function by Microbial Metabolites (2021) · cites this paper as [197]
Oxyberberine ameliorated gut barrier dysfunction via inhibition of the TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB signaling pathways and downregulated inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β.
“Oxyberberine, another microbial metabolite derived from berberine ameliorated gut barrier dysfunction via inhibition of the TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB signaling pathways197 and downregulated inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β.”
From Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function by Microbial Metabolites (2021) · cites this paper as [197]
Cites
1 retracted
Sahibzada, M. U. K., Sadiq, A., Faidah, H. S., et al. (2018) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s156123 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
RetractedNg, S. C., Shi, H. Y., Hamidi, N., Underwood, F. E., Tang, W., Benchimol, E. I., Panaccione, R., Ghosh, S., Wu, J. C. Y., Chan, F. K. L., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32448-0 · Cited by 6,087 · see citing works
Ungaro, R. C., Mehandru, S., Allen, P. B., Peyrin‐Biroulet, L., & Colombel, J. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)32126-2 · Cited by 3,656 · see citing works
Ford Alexander, C., Paul, M., Hanauer Steven, B., 谭蓓, & Dong, W. Z. (2001) · Cited by 3,021 · see citing works
Role of the normal gut microbiota
Jandhyala, S. M. (2015) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i29.8787 · Cited by 3,001 · see citing works
Mechanisms Regulating Intestinal Barrier Integrity and Its Pathological Implications
Chelakkot, C., Ghim, J., & Ryu, S. H. (2018) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-018-0126-x · Cited by 2,017 · see citing works
Van der Sluis, M., De Koning, B. A. E., De Bruijn, A. C. J. M., Velcich, A., Meijerink, J. P. P., Van Goudoever, J. B., Büller, H. A., Dekker, J., Van Seuningen, I., Renes, I. B., et al. (2006) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.04.020 · Cited by 1,684 · see citing works
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathogenesis
Zhang, Y.-Z. (2014) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i1.91 · Cited by 1,529 · see citing works
Mapping human microbiome drug metabolism by gut bacteria and their genes
Zimmermann, M., Zimmermann-Kogadeeva, M., Wegmann, R., & Goodman, A. L. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1291-3 · Cited by 1,160 · see citing works
Eichele, D. D., & Kharbanda, K. K. (2017) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i33.6016 · Cited by 888 · see citing works
Magnetic nanocarriers: Evolution of spinel ferrites for medical applications
Amiri, M., Salavati‐Niasari, M., & Akbari, A. (2019) · Advances in Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.cis.2019.01.003 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Mechanism of cytokine modulation of epithelial tight junction barrier
Al–Sadi, R. (2009) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/3413 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Importance of disrupted intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel diseases
Salim, S. Y., & Söderholm, J. D. (2010) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1002/ibd.21403 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Precision editing of the gut microbiota ameliorates colitis
Zhu, W., Winter, M. G., Byndloss, M. X., Spiga, L., Duerkop, B. A., Hughes, E. R., Büttner, L., Romão, E. D. L., Behrendt, C. L., Lopez, C. A., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25172 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
The metabolism of berberine and its contribution to the pharmacological effects
Wang, K., Feng, X., Chai, L., Cao, S., & Qiu, F. (2017) · Drug Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.1080/03602532.2017.1306544 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Intestinal Inflammation and Mucosal Barrier Function
de Medina, F. S., Romero‐Calvo, I., Mascaraque, C., & Martínez‐Augustin, O. (2014) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1097/mib.0000000000000204 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Pastorelli, L., Salvo, C. D., Mercado, J. R., Vecchi, M. L., & Pizarro, T. T. (2013) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00280 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Separating host and microbiome contributions to drug pharmacokinetics and toxicity
Zimmermann, M., Zimmermann‐Kogadeeva, M., Wegmann, R., & Goodman, A. L. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aat9931 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Research progress on berberine with a special focus on its oral bioavailability
Liu, C.-S., Zheng, Y.-R., Zhang, Y.-F., & Long, X.-Y. (2016) · Fitoterapia · doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2016.02.001 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Liu, Y.-T., Hao, H.-P., Xie, H.-G., Lai, L., Wang, Q., Liu, C.-X., & Wang, G.-J. (2010) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.110.033936 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding the Molecular Mechanisms of the Interplay Between Herbal Medicines and Gut Microbiota
Xu, J., Chen, H., & Li, S. (2017) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21431 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Intestinal epithelial barrier function and tight junction proteins with heat and exercise
Dokładny, K., Zuhl, M., & Moseley, P. L. (2015) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00536.2015 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Pirillo, A., & Catapano, A. L. (2015) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.09.032 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Transforming berberine into its intestine-absorbable form by the gut microbiota
Feng, R., Shou, J.-W., Zhao, Z.-X., He, C.-Y., Ma, C., Huang, M., Fu, J., Tan, X.-S., Li, X.-Y., Wen, B.-Y., et al. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep12155 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Self-citationMyeloperoxidase in the inflamed colon: A novel target for treating inflammatory bowel disease
Chami, B., Martin, N., Dennis, J. M., & Witting, P. K. (2018) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.012 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Tissue Distribution of Berberine and Its Metabolites after Oral Administration in Rats
Tan, X.-S., Ma, J.-Y., Feng, R., Ma, C., Chen, W.-J., Sun, Y.-P., Fu, J., Huang, M., He, C.-Y., Shou, J.-W., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077969 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Self-citationCui, H., Cai, Y., Wang, L., Jia, B., Li, J., Zhao, S., Chu, X., Lin, J., Zhang, X., Bian, Y., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00571 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis promotes gut microbial dysbiosis in mice
Munyaka, P., Rabbi, M. F., Khafipour, E., & Ghia, J. (2016) · Journal of Basic Microbiology · doi:10.1002/jobm.201500726 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Bopanna, S., Ananthakrishnan, A. N., Kedia, S., Yajnik, V., & Ahuja, V. (2017) · The Lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(17)30004-3 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Amiri, M., Salavati‐Niasari, M., Pardakhty, A., et al. (2017) · Materials Science and Engineering C · doi:10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.208 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
He, X., Wei, Z., Wang, J., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep28370 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Mohandes, F., & Salavati‐Niasari, M. (2014) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c4ra03534h · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Bhattacharyya, S., Gill, R. K., Chen, M. L., Zhang, F., Linhardt, R. J., Dudeja, P. K., & Tobacman, J. K. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m708833200 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Inflammatory bowel disease: exploring gut pathophysiology for novel therapeutic targets
Yadav, V., Varum, F., Bravo, R., Furrer, E., Bojic, D., & Basit, A. W. (2016) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2016.04.009 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Yuan, Z., Qu, C. F., Yu, X., Huang, T., Chen, V. P., Su, Z., Dou, Y., Wu, J., Zeng, H., et al. (2018) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.09.010 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, C., Tan, L., Wang, Y.-F., Luo, C., Chen, H., Lü, Q., Li, Y., Yang, X., Chen, J., Liu, Y., et al. (2018) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.228 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationDrug–gut microbiota interactions: implications for neuropharmacology
Walsh, J., Griffin, B. T., Clarke, G. A., & Hyland, N. P. (2018) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.14366 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Swann, J. R., Tuohy, K. M., Lindfors, P., Brown, D. T., Gibson, G. R., Wilson, I. D., Sidaway, J. E., Nicholson, J. K., & Holmes, E. C. (2011) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/pr200243t · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Stahl, M., Ries, J., Vermeulen, J., Yang, H. Y., Sham, H. P., Crowley, S. M., Badayeva, Y., Turvey, S. E., Gaynor, E. C., Li, X., et al. (2014) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004264 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Schneider, N., Chandran, P., Sundby, M., Visioli, F., Gonçalves, F. D. C., Burks, S. R., Paz, A. H. D. R., & Frank, J. A. (2019) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.06.033 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Excretion of Berberine and Its Metabolites in Oral Administration in Rats
Ma, J., Feng, R., Tan, X., Ma, C., Shou, J., Fu, J., Huang, M., He, C., Chen, S., Zhao, Z., et al. (2013) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.23718 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationMicro-/nano-sized delivery systems of ginsenosides for improved systemic bioavailability
Kim, H., Lee, J. H., Kim, J. E., Kim, Y. S., Ryu, C. H., Lee, H. J., Kim, H. M., Jeon, H., Won, H.-J., Lee, J.-Y., et al. (2018) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2017.12.003 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Jing, Y., Li, A., Liu, Z., Yang, P., Wei, J., Chen, X., Zhao, T., Bai, Y., Zha, L., & Zhang, C. (2018) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2018/1781036 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Min, Y. D., Kwon, H. C., Yang, M. C., et al. (2007) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/bf02977779 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Role of metabolism by intestinal microbiota in pharmacokinetics of oral baicalin
Kang, M. J., Ko, G. S., Oh, D. G., Kim, J. S., Noh, K., Kang, W., Yoon, W. K., Kim, H. C., Jeong, H. G., & Jeong, T. C. (2013) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-013-0179-2 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Yu, X., Xu, Y., Huang, Y., Qu, C. F., Xu, L., Su, Z., Zeng, H., Zheng, L., Yi, T., Li, H.-L., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194069 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationAndrographolide sulfonate ameliorates experimental colitis in mice by inhibiting Th1/Th17 response
Liu, W., Guo, W., Guo, L., Gu, Y., Cai, P., Xie, N., Yang, X., Shu, Y., Wu, X., Sun, Y., et al. (2014) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2014.03.015 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Zhou, J., Qu, C. F., Dou, Y., Huang, Q., Lin, Z., Xian, Y., Xie, J., Xie, Y., Lai, X., et al. (2017) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.042 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationAmiri, M., Akbari, A., Ahmadi‐Zeidabadi, M., Pardakhty, A., & Salavati‐Niasari, M. (2017) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2017.11.133 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Ahmad, N., Ahmad, R., Alam, A., et al. (2018) · Chemistry Central Journal · doi:10.1186/s13065-018-0434-1 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Zhou, J., Tan, L., Xie, J., et al. (2017) · Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/10717544.2017.1384521 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationXiong, W., Sang, W., Linghu, K., Zhong, Z. F., Cheang, W. S., Li, J., Hu, Y. J., Yu, H., & Wang, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s163763 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationChoi, J., Cho, N. H., Kim, D.-H., & Park, J. (2019) · Materials Science and Engineering C · doi:10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.002 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Cytotoxicity of alkaloids isolated fromArgemone mexicanaon SW480 human colon cancer cell line
Singh, S., Verma, M., Malhotra, M., et al. (2015) · Pharmaceutical Biology · doi:10.3109/13880209.2015.1073334 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Li, Q., Liang, X., Guo, N., et al. (2019) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109200 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Fungal Spore Germination Inhibition by Alkaloids Dehydrocorydalmine and Oxyberberine
Singh, A., Singh, S., Singh, S., et al. (2009) · Journal of Plant Protection Research · doi:10.2478/v10045-009-0046-9 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Liu, X., He, H., Huang, T., Lei, Z., Liu, F., An, G., & Wen, T. (2016) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2016/7916763 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Jia, J., Zhang, K., Zhou, X., Ma, J., Liu, X., Xiang, A., & Ge, F. (2019) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2019.03.021 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Analysis of TLR4 and TLR2 polymorphisms in inflammatory bowel disease in a Guangxi Zhuang population
Chen, L. (2012) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i46.6856 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Xiao, L., Yi, T., Chen, M., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2016.08.054 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Simultaneous Determination of 11 Alkaloids in Crude and Wine-Processed Rhizoma Coptidis by HPLC-PAD
Huang, P. C., Qian, X., Li, J., et al. (2014) · Journal of Chromatographic Science · doi:10.1093/chromsci/bmu019 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Mechanical and electrophysiological effects of 8‐oxoberberine (JKL1073A) on atrial tissue
Chi, J., Chu, S., Lee, C., et al. (1996) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15431.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Su, J., Li, C., Yu, X., Yang, G., Deng, J., Su, Z., Zeng, H., Chen, J., Zhang, X., & Lai, X. (2017) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00829 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationGut Microbiota Brings a Novel Way to Illuminate Mechanisms of Natural Products in vivo
Guo, P., & Wu, C. (2017) · Chinese Herbal Medicines · doi:10.1016/s1674-6384(17)60109-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sun, J.-M., Bao, H., Peng, Y., Zhang, H., Sun, Y. N., Qi, J., Zhang, H., & Gao, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.014 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Microwave-Assisted Nanonization of Poorly Water-Soluble Curcumin
Aditya, N. P., Hamilton, I. E., Noon, J., et al. (2019) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b06377 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Wu, L., Deng, A., Yu, J., Li, Z.-H., Zhang, H., Wang, W., & Qin, H. (2014) · Journal of Asian Natural Products Research · doi:10.1080/10286020.2014.932778 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Analysis of TLR4 and TLR2 polymorphisms in inflammatory bowel disease in a Guangxi Zhuang population
Lan, L., Chen, Meijiao, Lin, Lingling, Zhan, Z., Xiaoping, & Lv (2012) · Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Gut bacteria and ulcerative colitis — A broken tolerance
Hoque, S., Poxton, I. R., & Ghosh, S. K. (2000) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(00)85369-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
UPLC-Q-TOFMS/MS analysis of berberine and gut microbiota transformed metabolites.
Li, M., Jia, X., Mei, Z., et al. (2014) · Journal of Xinyang Normal University · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function by Microbial Metabolites
Ghosh, S., Whitley, C. S., Haribabu, B., & Jala, V. R. (2021) · Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.02.007 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
Zhang, C., Li, J., Xiao, M., Wang, D., Qu, Y., Zou, L., Zheng, C., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Chinese Chemical Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2022.03.110 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Dehau, T., Cherlet, M., Croubels, S., Van De Vliet, M., Goossens, E., & Van Immerseel, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1281090 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
- Authors
- Li, C., Ai, G., Wang, Y., Lu, Q., Luo, C., Tan, L., Lin, G., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Zeng, H., Chen, J., Lin, Z., Xian, Y., Huang, X., Xie, J., & Su, Z.
- Affiliations
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Xie, Jianhui
- Su, Ziren
- ORCID
- Venue
- Pharmacological Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-02
- Volume
- 152
- Pages
- 104603
- ISSN
- 1043-6618 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2996171161
- Cited by
- 262
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 15.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pharmacological Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Science and Technology Development Special Project of Guangdong Province (2017A050506044)
- Science and Technology Plan Project of Guangzhou (201704030028)
- Characteristic Cultivation Program for Subject Research of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (XKP2019007)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Berberine and alkaloids research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- berberine, gut microbiota metabolites, colitis, DSS-induced colitis, intestinal epithelial barrier, TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling, gut dysbiosis, intestinal inflammation, isoquinoline alkaloids
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Berberine, Biotransformation, Cecum, Colitis, Colon, Male, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Signal Transduction, Dextran Sulfate, NF-kappa B, Toll-Like Receptor 4, Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
