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Global survey of the omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the blood stream of healthy adults
Open accessAbstract
Studies reporting blood levels of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were systematically identified in order to create a global map identifying countries and regions with different blood levels. Included studies were those of healthy adults, published in 1980 or later. A total of 298 studies met all inclusion criteria. Studies reported fatty acids in various blood fractions including plasma total lipids (33%), plasma phospholipid (32%), erythrocytes (32%) and whole blood (3.0%). Fatty acid data from each blood fraction were converted to relative weight percentages (wt.%) and then assigned to one of four discrete ranges (high, moderate, low, very low) corresponding to wt.% EPA+DHA in erythrocyte equivalents. Regions with high EPA+DHA blood levels (>8%) included the Sea of Japan, Scandinavia, and areas with indigenous populations or populations not fully adapted to Westernized food habits. Very low blood levels (≤4%) were observed in North America, Central and South America, Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Africa. The present review reveals considerable variability in blood levels of EPA+DHA and the very low to low range of blood EPA+DHA for most of the world may increase global risk for chronic disease.
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“Data revealed that geographical regions with high EPA + DHA blood levels (> 8%) included countries adjacent to the Sea of Japan, Scandinavia, and areas with indigenous populations or populations not fully adapted to Westernized food habits.”
From Role of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition and health: Review of recent studies and recommendations (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
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“Very low blood levels (≤ 4%) were observed in North, Central, and South America, Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Africa.”
From Role of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition and health: Review of recent studies and recommendations (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
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“The authors concluded that, globally, there is considerable variability in EPA + DHA blood levels, and that the very low to low range of blood EPA + DHA levels for most regions of the world may increase global risk for chronic disease.”
From Role of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition and health: Review of recent studies and recommendations (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Stark, K. D., Van Elswyk, M. E., Higgins, M. R., Weatherford, C. A., & Salem, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Weatherford (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stark, Ken D.
- ORCID
- Stark, Ken D.
- Venue
- Progress in Lipid Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 63
- Pages
- 132-152
- ISSN
- 0163-7827 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2400784246
- Cited by
- 519
- References
- 572
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 6.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Progress in Lipid Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWSpace (University of Waterloo) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, blood fatty acid levels, plasma phospholipids, erythrocyte fatty acids, regional variation, healthy adults, chronic disease risk, dietary fat intake
- MeSH terms
- Docosahexaenoic Acids, Erythrocytes, Fatty Acids, Humans, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Biomarkers, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Databases, Factual, Dietary Supplements
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