Cited by 347Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchSleep and related disordersMigration, Health and Trauma

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Pharmacologic alternatives to antidepressants in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review

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Berger, William, Mendlowicz, Mauro V., Marques-Portella, Carla, Kinrys, Gustavo, Fontenelle, Leonardo F., Marmar, Charles R., Figueira, Ivan·2009·Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.12.004PMC PMC2720612

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Abstract

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are considered the first-line pharmacological treatment for PTSD. However, even when treated with this class of drugs, response rates rarely exceed 60% and less than 20-30% of the patients achieve full remission. The aim of this study was to address this limitation by systematically reviewing the options left for the treatment of PTSD when patients do not respond satisfactorily to or tolerate SSRIs. A systematic review covering all original articles, letters and brief reports published in any language until October 2008 was conducted through searches in the ISI/Web of Science, PubMed and PILOTS databases. The search terms included the pharmacological class of each agent or its generic name plus "PTSD" or "stress disorder" in the title, in the abstract or as a keyword. Sixty-three articles were selected, covering the following categories: antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, adrenergic-inhibiting agents, opioid antagonists, benzodiazepines and other agents. None of the identified agents reached the level A of scientific evidence, 5 reached level B, 7 level C and 13 level D. The non-antidepressant agent with the strongest scientific evidence supporting its use in PTSD is risperidone, which can be envisaged as an effective add-on therapy when patients did not fully benefit from previous treatment with SSRIs. Prazosin, an adrenergic-inhibiting agent, is a promising alternative for cases of PTSD where nightmares and insomnia are prominent symptoms. So far, there is no consistent empirical support for using benzodiazepines in the prevention or in the treatment of PTSD, although these drugs could alleviate some associated non-specific symptoms, such as insomnia or anxiety. Further controlled clinical trials and meta-analysis are needed to guide clinicians in their search of effective pharmacological alternatives to antidepressants in PTSD.

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Authors: Berger, W., Mendlowicz, M. V., Marques-Portella, C., Kinrys, G., Fontenelle, L. F., Marmar, C. R., & Figueira, I.
Affiliations: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (BR)
Cambridge Health Alliance (US)
San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Berger, William
ORCID: Berger, William
Mendlowicz, Mauro V.
Kinrys, Gustavo
Fontenelle, Leonardo F.
Marmar, Charles R.
Figueira, Ivan
Venue: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-03
Volume: 33
Issue: 2
Pages: 169-180
ISSN: 0278-5846 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.12.004
PMC: PMC2720612
OpenAlex: W1977428298
Cited by: 347
References: 137
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 2.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Australian Government
Governo Brasil
National Institute of Mental Health (MH056350-06, R01MH056350)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, pharmacotherapy, antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, risperidone, prazosin, benzodiazepines, antipsychotic drugs, antiepileptic drugs, opioid antagonists, treatment-resistant PTSD, nightmares, insomnia, adjunctive therapy
MeSH terms: Animals, Anticonvulsants, Antidepressive Agents, Benzodiazepines, Humans, Narcotic Antagonists, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Antipsychotic Agents, Adrenergic Antagonists

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