An examination of neurocognition and symptoms as predictors of post-hospital community tenure in treatment resistant schizophrenia
Abstract
Neurocognition and psychopathology are robust predictors of community functioning and relapse/rehospitalization in schizophrenia. Existing studies are however limited because they have ignored the most chronic, treatment-resistant patients. Moreover, the prediction of functional outcomes has yet to be extended to the duration of community tenure, an indicator of the capacity of chronically-hospitalized patients to gain traction in the community. The current study examined neurocognition and symptom severity at discharge as potential predictors of community tenure in chronically-hospitalized treatment-resistant patients. The study recruited 90 people with treatment-resistant schizophrenia who received services on an inpatient unit. Participants completed measures of psychopathology and neurocognition prior to discharge. Following discharge, participants were tracked at current residences six months and one year post-discharge to assess community tenure. The percentage of individuals who continued to live in the community at 12-month follow-up was 51%. Severe negative symptoms but not neurocognitive impairment or positive symptoms was a significant predictor of shorter post-hospital community tenure. Of the negative symptoms domain, anhedonia-asociality proved to be the most relevant predictor of community tenure in the sample. The capacity to elicit goal-directed behaviors in response to anticipated physical and social rewards may be an important treatment target for sustainin…
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia, lower levels of anhedonia-asociality predict a longer time living in the community between admissions.
“Conversely, in treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia, lower levels of anhedonia–asociality predicted a longer time living in the community between admissions (48).”
From A transdiagnostic perspective on social anhedonia (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
Cites
Recovery from mental illness: the guiding vision of the mental health service system in the 1990s
Anthony, W. A. (1993) · Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/h0095655 · Cited by 3,700 · see citing works
What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia?
(1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.3.321 · Cited by 3,516 · see citing works
Green, M. F., Kern, R. S., Braff, D. L., & Mintz, J. (2000) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033430 · Cited by 2,999 · see citing works
Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: Definition and Reliability
Andreasen, N. C. (1982) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290070020005 · Cited by 2,247 · see citing works
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Fourth Edition
Wechsler, D. (2012) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t15169-000 · Cited by 2,232 · see citing works
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV)
Lani, J. A., & Wechsler, D. (2010) · Cited by 1,686 · see citing works
California Verbal Learning Test
Delis, D. C., Freeland, J., Kramer, J. H., & Kaplan, E. (1987) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t48844-000 · Cited by 1,450 · see citing works
Longitudinal studies of cognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: implications for MATRICS
Green, M. F., Kern, R. S., & Heaton, R. K. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.09.009 · Cited by 1,422 · see citing works
Milev, P., Ho, B., Arndt, S. V., & Andreasen, N. C. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.3.495 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Training and quality assurance with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale: "The drift busters."
Ventura, J., Green, M. F., Shaner, A. L., & Liberman, R. P. (1993) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · Cited by 748 · see citing works
Penttilä, M., Jääskeläinen, E., Hirvonen, N., Isohanni, M., & Miettunen, J. (2014) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.127753 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
A Separate Disease Within the Syndrome of Schizophrenia
Kirkpatrick, B. W., Buchanan, R. W., Ross, D. E., & Carpenter, W. T. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.2.165 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
The Structure of Negative Symptoms Within Schizophrenia: Implications for Assessment
Blanchard, J. J., & Cohen, A. S. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj013 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Bellack, A. S. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj044 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
A New Perspective on Anhedonia in Schizophrenia
Strauss, G. P., & Gold, J. M. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11030447 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
The motivation and pleasure dimension of negative symptoms: Neural substrates and behavioral outputs
Kring, A. M., & Barch, D. M. (2014) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.06.007 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Management of treatment resistance in schizophrenia
Conley, R. R., & Kelly, D. L. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01271-9 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Longitudinal study of symptoms and cognitive function in chronic schizophrenia
Hughes, C., Kumari, V., Soni, W., Das, M., Binneman, B., Drozd, S., O'Neil, S., Mathew, V. M., & Sharma, T. (2002) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00393-0 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Hunt, G. E. (2002) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00261-4 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Hartmann, M. N., Hager, O. M., Reimann, A. V., Chumbley, J. R., Kirschner, M., Seifritz, E., Tobler, P. N., & Kaiser, S. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu102 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Factor structure of the brief negative symptom scale
Strauss, G. P., Hong, L. E., Gold, J. M., Buchanan, R. W., McMahon, R. P., Keller, W. R., Fischer, B. A., Catalano, L. T., Culbreth, A. J., Carpenter, W. T., et al. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.09.007 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Kopelowicz, A. J., Ventura, J., Liberman, R. P., & Mintz, J. (2007) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000111551 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Brekke, J. S., Hoe, M., Long, J. D., & Green, M. F. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl072 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Strassnig, M., Raykov, T., O’Gorman, C., Bowie, C. R., Sabbag, S. A., Durand, D., Patterson, T. L., Pinkham, A. E., Penn, D. L., & Harvey, P. D. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.03.033 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Apathy, cognitive deficits and functional impairment in schizophrenia
Konstantakopoulos, G., Ploumpidis, D. N., Oulis, P., Patrikelis, P., Soumani, A., Papadimitriou, G. N., & Politis, A. M. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.07.003 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Anticipatory vs. consummatory pleasure: What is the nature of hedonic deficits in schizophrenia?
Strauss, G. P., Wilbur, R. C., Warren, K. R., August, S. M., & Gold, J. M. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.01.012 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Rund, B. R., Melle, I. S., Friis, S., Johannessen, J. O., Larsen, T. K., Midbøe, L. J., Opjordsmoen, S., Simonsen, E. H., Vaglum, P., & McGlashan, T. H. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.11.030 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Kurtz, M. M. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbi004 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Hultman, C. M., Wieselgren, I., & Öhman, A. (1997) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00002 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Patterns of premorbid functioning in first episode psychosis: relationship to 2‐year outcome
Addington, J., & Addington, D. E. (2005) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00511.x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Impact of persistent substance misuse on 1-year outcome in first-episode psychosis.
Turkington, A., Mulholland, C., Rushe, T., Anderson, R., McCaul, R., Barrett, S., Barr, R., & Cooper, S. (2009) · The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.057471 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Kopelowicz, A. J., Liberman, R. P., Mintz, J., & Zárate, R. C. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.3.424 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Bodén, R., Brandt, L., Kieler, H., Andersen, M. T., & Reutfors, J. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.08.024 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Matza, L. S., Buchanan, R., Purdon, S. E., Brewster‐Jordan, J., Zhao, Y., & Revicki, D. A. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl004 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Ahmed, A. O., Strauss, G. P., Buchanan, R. W., Kirkpatrick, B. W., & Carpenter, W. T. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu163 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationBuck, B., & Lysaker, P. H. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.008 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Ahmed, A. O., Hunter, K. M., Goodrum, N. M., Batten, N.-J., Birgenheir, D. G., Hardison, E., Dixon, T., & Buckley, P. F. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.05.013 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationLipkovich, I. A., Deberdt, W. G., Csernansky, J. G., Sabbe, B., Keefe, R. S. E., & Kollack‐Walker, S. (2009) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-9-44 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Carpenter, W. T. (1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.3.327 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
PERLICK, D. A., Mattis, S. A., Stastny, P., & Teresi, J. A. (1992) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.4.4.428 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Management of clozapine-resistant schizophrenia
Kerwin, R., & Bolonna, A. A. (2005) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.11.2.101 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Predictors of outcome in first-episode schizophrenia over the first 4 years of illness
Whitty, P., Clarke, M., McTigue, O., Browne, S., Kamali, M., Kinsella, A., Larkin, C., & O’Callaghan, E. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170800336x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Trapp, W., Landgrebe, M., Hösl, K. M., Lautenbacher, S., Gallhofer, B., Günther, W., & Hajak, G. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-184 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Current perspectives in the treatment of resistant schizophrenia
Rk, S., Singh, P., & Munshi, D. (2009) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/0019-5545.58289 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Silverstein, S. M., Hatashita-Wong, M., WILKNISS, S. M., Bloch, A., Smith, T. E., Savitz, A. J., McCarthy, R. H., Friedman, M. A., & Terkelsen, K. G. (2006) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/1541-1559.3.3.145 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationTaxometric analyses of paranoid and schizoid personality disorders
Ahmed, A. O., Green, B. A., Buckley, P. F., & McFarland, M. E. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.10.010 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationLin, C., Chen, C., Wang, S.-Y., Lin, S., Chen, M., & Lin, C. (2008) · The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1607-551x(08)70164-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Neurocognition as a predictor of outcome in schizophrenia in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966
Juola, P., Miettunen, J., Salo, H., Murray, G. K., Ahmed, A. O., Veijola, J. M., Isohanni, M. K., & Jääskeläinen, E. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2015.07.001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationA Second Chance for People With "Treatment-Refractory" Psychosis
Silverstein, S. M., Hatashita-Wong, M., & Bloch, A. (2002) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.53.4.480 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationRecovery in Schizophrenia: Perspectives, Evidence, and Implications
Ahmed, A. O., Mabe, P. A., & Buckley, P. F. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0834-1_1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationTime to rehospitalization of schizophrenia patients with alcohol use disorders
Lin, C.-H., Huang, C., Huang, Y., & Chen, C. (2013) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12111 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Triumphs and challenges of transforming a state psychiatric hospital in Georgia
Ahmed, A. O., Serdarević, M., Mabe, P. A., & Buckley, P. F. (2013) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.1080/14623730.2013.820575 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationFactors associated with functional psychosocial status in first‐episode psychosis
Lucas, S. K., Hodge, M. A., Shores, E. A., Brennan, J., & Harris, A. W. F. (2009) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2008.00099.x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rannikko, I., Jääskeläinen, E., Miettunen, J., Ahmed, A. O., Veijola, J., Remes, A., Murray, G., Husa, A. P., Järvelin, M., Isohanni, M., et al. (2016) · Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2015.1128000 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 55 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mucci, A., Galderisi, S., Gibertoni, D., Rossi, A., Rocca, P., Bertolino, A., Aguglia, E., Amore, M., Bellomo, A., Biondi, M., et al. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4614 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
A transdiagnostic perspective on social anhedonia
Barkus, E., & Badcock, J. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00216 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Ahmed, A. O., Strauss, G. P., Buchanan, R. W., Kirkpatrick, B. W., & Carpenter, W. T. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.11.004 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationGiordano, G. M., Caporusso, E., Pezzella, P., & Galderisi, S. (2022) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2022.2092402 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Do cognitive deficits predict negative emotionality and aggression in schizophrenia?
Ahmed, A. O., Richardson, J., Buckner, A., Romanoff, S., Feder, M. R., Oragunye, N., Illnicki, A., Bhat, I., Hoptman, M. J., & Lindenmayer, J. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.003 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationde Bartolomeis, A., Prinzivalli, E., Callovini, G., D'Ambrosio, L., Altavilla, B., Avagliano, C., & Iasevoli, F. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Thomas, E. C., Luther, L., Zullo, L., Beck, A. T., & Grant, P. M. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716003019 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Giuliani, L., Giordano, G. M., Bucci, P., Pezzella, P., Brando, F., & Galderisi, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.791117 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Grant, P. M., Perivoliotis, D., Luther, L., Bredemeier, K., & Beck, A. T. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171700160x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Zhou, C., & Li, Z. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15407 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Iasevoli, F., D’Ambrosio, L., Francesco, D. N., Razzino, E., Buonaguro, E. F., Giordano, S., Patterson, T. L., & de Bartolomeis, A. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.06.030 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Huang, L.-C., Lin, S., Tseng, H., Chen, K. C., & Yang, Y. K. (2020) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110159 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Determinants of Clinical Recovery in Schizophrenia
Giordano, G. M., Galderisi, S., Pezzella, P., Perrottelli, A., & Bucci, P. (2022) · Comprehensive approach to psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98301-7_2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kurebayashi, Y., & Otaki, J. (2016) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12195 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Learning and Motivation for Rewards in Schizophrenia: Implications for Behavioral Rehabilitation
Martin, V., Brereton, A. L., & Tang, J. (2020) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-020-00210-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Real-life outcomes in biotypes of psychotic disorders based on neurocognitive performance
Molina, V., Fernández‐Linsenbarth, I., Viuda, M. Q. D. L. D. L., Aparicio, T. J., Vallecillo-Adame, C., Aremy-Gonzaga, A., Lobo, C. D. A., Recio-Barbero, M., Díez, Á., Beño‐Ruiz‐de‐la‐Sierra, R. M., et al. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-022-01518-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ramjas, E., Meyler, S., Pia, T., & Ahmed, A. O. (2025) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-025-00305-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationda Motta, C., Castilho, P., Pato, M. T., & Carvalho, C. B. (2020) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2735 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ahmed, A. O., Maatouk, O., Chen, S. M., Schneider, R., Bell, J., Ramjas, E., Ceccolini, C. J., & Karoui, M. (2025) · Complex Psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000549173 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationRandomized Double Blind Inpatient Study of a Gluten-Free Diet in Persons with SchizophreniaPreprint
Kelly, D. L., Lee, C. M., Roche, D. J. O., Talor, M. V., Clark, S. M., & Eaton, W. W. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.02.24.25322813 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fernández‐Linsenbarth, I. (2023) · doi:10.35376/10324/66288
Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: Definition, Classification, and Course
Blasio, P., Giordano, G. M., Pezzella, P., Mucci, A., & Galderisi, S. (2025) · Comprehensive approach to psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-06209-3_1
- Authors
- Ahmed, A. O., Murphy, C. F., Latoussakis, V., McGovern, K. E., English, J., Bloch, A., Anthony, D. T., & Savitz, A. J.
- Affiliations
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ahmed, Anthony O.
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 236
- Pages
- 47-52
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2231925678
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 2.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Mental Health Initiative
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- treatment-resistant schizophrenia, neurocognitive function, negative symptoms, communal land tenure, post-discharge outcomes, psychopathology, goal-directed behavior
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Social Behavior, Antipsychotic Agents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review