The role of attachment anxiety in the relationship between childhood trauma and schizophrenia-spectrum psychosis
Abstract
Childhood trauma (CT) is a comprehensive concept encompassing experiences of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, and neglect during childhood and adolescence. Patients with schizophrenia-spectrum psychosis (SSP) display higher rates of CT than healthy controls. Among the potential mediators of this association, insecure attachment has gained attention and empirical validation. The present study aimed to extend existing knowledge on this field by exploring the role of the two attachment dimensions, attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance, in the CT-SSP association. A clinical sample of 63 SSP inpatients was compared to a healthy control group on CT and attachment style measures. Correlations between CT, attachment dimensions and psychopathology were sought. Mediation analyses were also performed to examine whether attachment anxiety and/or attachment avoidance mediated the CT-SSP association. Patients displayed higher rates of CT and insecure attachment than controls. Attachment anxiety and severity of Mother Antipathy were linked to severity of hallucinations. Attachment anxiety was recognized as the sole mediator of the CT-SSP association. Our findings suggest that individuals with severe CT and increased attachment anxiety represent a risk population warranting early clinical attention, regular monitoring and tailored therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing the psychological impact of trauma.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Insecure attachment represents a key mechanism linking early adversity to later psychopathology.
“Insecure attachment, which often emerges as a developmental consequence of adverse caregiving environments, represents a key mechanism linking early adversity to later psychopathology [19, 20].”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia.
Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/13.2.261 · Cited by 21,378 · see citing works
(1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 12,570 · see citing works
Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.52.3.511 · Cited by 8,783 · see citing works
Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment
Rever, G. W. (1972) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197211000-00011 · Cited by 8,446 · see citing works
Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226 · Cited by 7,965 · see citing works
Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.61.2.226 · Cited by 7,729 · see citing works
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Branum, A. (2007) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412952644.n74 · Cited by 6,434 · see citing works
Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511 · Cited by 6,247 · see citing works
Attachment in adulthood: structure, dynamics, and change
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-2903 · Cited by 4,301 · see citing works
Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-4135 · Cited by 3,818 · see citing works
Attachment theory and close relationships
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-6513 · Cited by 3,642 · see citing works
Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D., Weiller, E., Amorim, P., Bonora, I., Sheehan, K. H., Janavs, J., & Dunbar, G. (1997) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(97)83296-8 · Cited by 3,513 · see citing works
An Item-Response Theory Analysis of Self-Report Measures of Adult Attachment
Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.350 · Cited by 3,385 · see citing works
Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys
Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alhamzawi, A. O., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., et al. (2010) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080499 · Cited by 2,640 · see citing works
Varese, F., Smeets, F., Drukker, M., Lieverse, R., Lataster, T., Viechtbauer, W., Read, J., van Os, J., & Bentall, R. P. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs050 · Cited by 2,436 · see citing works
Sheehan, D., Lecrubier, Y., Harnett Sheehan, K., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Keskiner, A., Schinka, J., Knapp, E., Sheehan, M., & Dunbar, G. (1997) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(97)83297-x · Cited by 2,149 · see citing works
(1973) · Cited by 2,004 · see citing works
Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Pereg, D. (2003) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/a:1024515519160 · Cited by 1,788 · see citing works
The environment and schizophrenia
van Os, J., Kenis, G., & Rutten, B. P. F. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09563 · Cited by 1,572 · see citing works
Attachment-related psychodynamics
Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2002) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730210154171 · Cited by 1,294 · see citing works
Bowlby, J. (1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,207 · see citing works
Social cognition in schizophrenia
Green, M. F., Horan, W. P., & Lee, J. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn4005 · Cited by 1,159 · see citing works
Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2009) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409990198 · Cited by 1,146 · see citing works
Childhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences
Janssen, I., Krabbendam, L., Bak, M., Hanssen, M., Vollebergh, W., de Graaf, R., & van Os, J. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.0001-690x.2003.00217.x · Cited by 762 · see citing works
Attachment and the processing of social information across the life span: Theory and evidence.
Dykas, M. J., & Cassidy, J. A. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0021367 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Child Maltreatment Surveillance: Uniform Definitions for Public Health and Recommended Data Elements
Leeb, R. T., Paulozzi, L. J., Melanson, C., Simon, T. R., & Arias, I. (2008) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e587022010-001 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Treating PTSD: A Review of Evidence-Based Psychotherapy Interventions
Watkins, L. E., Sprang, K. R., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00258 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Sibley, C. G., Fischer, R., & Liu, J. H. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205276865 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
van Winkel, R., Stefanis, N. C., & Myin-Germeys, I. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn101 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Reliability and Comparability of Psychosis Patients' Retrospective Reports of Childhood Abuse
Fisher, H. L., Craig, T. K., Fearon, P., Morgan, K., Dazzan, P., Lappin, J., Hutchinson, G., Doody, G. A., Jones, P. B., McGuffin, P., et al. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp103 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Childhood adversity in schizophrenia: a systematic meta-analysis
Matheson, S. L., Shepherd, A. M., Pinchbeck, R. M., Laurens, K. R., & Carr, V. J. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712000785 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Childhood Trauma and Psychosis in a Prospective Cohort Study: Cause, Effect, and Directionality
Kelleher, I., Keeley, H., Corcoran, P., Ramsay, H., Wasserman, C., Carli, V., Sarchiapone, M., Hoven, C., Wasserman, D., & Cannon, M. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12091169 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
The childhood experience of care and abuse questionnaire (CECA.Q): Validation in a community series
Bifulco, A. T., Bernazzani, O., Moran, P. M., & Jacobs, C. (2005) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466505x35344 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Episodic and semantic remote autobiographical memory in ageing
Piolino, P., Desgranges, B., Benali, K., & Eustache, F. (2002) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210143000353 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Bailey, T. H., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., Garcia-Sanchez, A. M., Hulbert, C. A., Barlow, E., & Bendall, S. (2017) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx161 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Walton, H. J. (1980) · Social Science & Medicine Part C Medical Economics · doi:10.1016/0160-7995(80)90024-6 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
From adversity to psychosis: pathways and mechanisms from specific adversities to specific symptoms
Bentall, R. P., de Sousa, P., Varese, F., Wickham, S., Sitko, K., Haarmans, M., & Read, J. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0914-0 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Shevlin, M., Houston, J. E., Dorahy, M. J., & Adamson, G. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm069 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Affective traits in schizophrenia and schizotypy
Horan, W. P., Blanchard, J. J., Clark, L. A., & Green, M. F. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn083 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Attachment-based family therapy: a review of the empirical support
Diamond, G., Russon, J., & Levy, S. (2016) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12241 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
(1996) · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Birchwood, M. J., Gilbert, P., Gilbert, J., Trower, P., Meaden, A., HAY, J., MURRAY, E., & Miles, J. N. V. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704002636 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
A systematic review of attachment and psychosis: measurement, construct validity and outcomes
Gumley, A. I., Taylor, H. E. F., Schwannauer, M., & MacBeth, A. (2014) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12172 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Theory and observation of attachment and its relation to child maltreatment: a review
Morton, N., & Browne, K. D. (1998) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(98)00088-x · Cited by 228 · see citing works
The positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenia
Obermeier, M. (2012) · Elektronische Hochschulschriften der LMU München (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) · doi:10.5282/edoc.14936 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Social Predictors of Psychotic Experiences: Specificity and Psychological Mechanisms
Bentall, R. P., & Fernyhough, C. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn103 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Prevalence of self-reported childhood abuse in psychosis: a meta-analysis of retrospective studies.
Bonoldi, I., Simeone, E., Rocchetti, M., Codjoe, L., Rossi, G., Gambi, F., Balottin, U., Caverzasi, E., Politi, P., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.05.003 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Childhood Trauma in Schizophrenia: Current Findings and Research Perspectives
Popovic, D., Schmitt, A., Kaurani, L., Senner, F., Papiol, S., Malchow, B., Fischer, A., Schulze, T. G., Koutsouleris, N., & Falkai, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00274 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Sitko, K., Bentall, R., Shevlin, M., O'Sullivan, N., & Sellwood, W. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.03.019 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Braunwald, K. G. (1989) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511665707.017 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Attachment, Neurobiology, and Mentalizing along the Psychosis Continuum
Debbané, M., Salaminios, G., Luyten, P., Badoud, D., Armando, M., Solida-Tozzi, A., Fonagy, P., & Brent, B. K. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00406 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA.Q)
Smith, N., Lam, D., Bifulco, A. T., & Checkley, S. (2002) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-002-0589-9 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Attachment states of mind, mentalization, and their correlates in a first‐episode psychosis sample
MacBeth, A. M., Gumley, A. I., Schwannauer, M., & Fisher, R. (2011) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608310x530246 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Brébion, G., Gorman, J. M., AMADOR, X. F., Malaspina, D., & Sharif, Z. A. (2002) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(02)00187-7 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Childhood Trauma as a Cause of Psychosis: Linking Genes, Psychology, and Biology
van Winkel, R., van Nierop, M. M., Myin‐Germeys, I., & van Os, J. (2013) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371305800109 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., & Fiszbein, A. (2012) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t05056-000 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Korver‐Nieberg, N., Berry, K., Meijer, C. J., & de Haan, L. (2013) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12010 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Five-factor model of schizophrenic psychopathology: how valid is it?
Lykouras, L., Oulis, P., Psarros, K., Daskalopoulou, E. G., Botsis, A., Christodoulou, G. N., & Stefanis, C. (2000) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s004060070041 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The prevalence and correlates of childhood trauma in patients with early psychosis
Duhig, M., Patterson, S., Connell, M., Foley, S. R., Capra, C., Dark, F. L., Gordon, A., Singh, S., Hides, L. M., McGrath, J. J., et al. (2015) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867415575379 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Lowell, A., Renk, K., & Havill, A. M. (2014) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.02.006 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Nikolaidis, G., Petroulaki, K., Zarokosta, F., Tsirigoti, A., Hazizaj, A., Cenko, E., Brkic-Smigoc, J., Vajzovic, E., Stancheva-Popkostadinova, V., Chincheva, S., et al. (2018) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-017-0208-x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Carr, S. C., Hardy, A., & Fornells-Ambrojo, M. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.12.001 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Tsagarakis, M., Kafetsios, K. G., & Stalikas, A. (2007) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759.23.1.47 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Impaired verbal source monitoring in schizophrenia: An intermediate trait vulnerability marker?
Brunelin, J., d’Amato, T., Brun, P., Bediou, B., Kallel, L., Senn, M., Poulet, E., & Saoud, M. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.08.028 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Ponizovsky, A. M., Nechamkin, Y., & Rosca, P. (2007) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.77.2.324 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Rosenbaum, A., & Langhinrichsen‐Rohling, J. (2006) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.21.4.404 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self‐discrepancies, attentional bias and persecutory delusions
Kinderman, P., Prince, S., Waller, G., & PETERS, E. R. (2003) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466503762841977 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Attachment in Schizophrenia--Implications for Research, Prevention, and Treatment
Harder, S. K. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu133 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Pearce, J. L., Simpson, J., Berry, K., Bucci, S., Moskowitz, A. K., & Varese, F. (2017) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2100 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Gumley, A. I., Schwannauer, M., Macbeth, A., Fisher, R., Clark, S., Rattrie, L., Fraser, G., McCabe, R., Blair, A., Davidson, K., et al. (2014) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.126722 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Korver‐Nieberg, N., Fett, A.-K. J., Meijer, C. J., Koeter, M. W. J., Shergill, S. S., de Haan, L., & A, L. K. M. (2013) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867413484370 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Ponizovsky, A. M., Vitenberg, E., Baumgarten‐Katz, I., & Grinshpoon, A. (2011) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02054.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Alemany, S., Goldberg, X., van Winkel, R., Gastó, C., Peralta, V., & Fañanás, L. (2013) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.03.001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
For Genetic Risk and Outcome in Psychosis (GROUP), van Dam, D. S., Korver‐Nieberg, N., Velthorst, E., Meijer, C. J., & de Haan, L. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0894-0 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Childhood sexual abuse increases risk of auditory hallucinations in psychotic disorders
Sheffield, J. M., Williams, L. E., Blackford, J. U., & Heckers, S. (2013) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.05.013 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Bendall, S., Hulbert, C. A., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., Allott, K., McGorry, P. D., & Jackson, H. J. (2013) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000033 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Attachment‐informed therapy for adults: Towards a unifying perspective on practice
Berry, K., & Danquah, A. (2015) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12063 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Sheinbaum, T., Kwapil, T. R., & Barrantes‐Vidal, N. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.030 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Theory-of-mind development influences suggestibility and source monitoring.
Bright‐Paul, A., Jarrold, C., & Wright, D. B. (2008) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.4.1055 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
An investigation of adult attachment and the nature of relationships with voices
Berry, K., Wearden, A. J., Barrowclough, C., Oakland, L., & Bradley, J. (2011) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.2011.02027.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Brent, B. K., Holt, D. J., Keshavan, M. S., Seidman, L. J., & Fonagy, P. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Gajwani, R., Patterson, P. H., & Birchwood, M. J. (2013) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12027 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Pos, K., Bartels‐Velthuis, A. A., Simons, C. J. P., Korver‐Nieberg, N., Meijer, C. J., de Haan, L., for GROUP, Bruggeman, R., Cahn, W., de Haan, L., et al. (2014) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867414546386 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Rössler, W., Ajdacic-Gross, V., Rodgers, S., Haker, H., & Müller, M. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.02.006 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Davis, J. S., Fani, N., Ressler, K. J., Jovanović, T., Tone, E. B., & Bradley, B. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.03.010 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Sheinbaum, T., Bifulco, A., Ballespí, S., Mitjavila, M., Kwapil, T. R., & Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135150 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Does insecure attachment mediate the relationship between trauma and voice-hearing in psychosis?
Pilton, M., Bucci, S., McManus, J., Hayward, M., Emsley, R., & Berry, K. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.050 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Attachment as a partial mediator of the relationship between emotional abuse and schizotypy
Goodall, K., Rush, R., Grünwald, L. M., Darling, S., & Tiliopoulos, N. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.09.050 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Attachment style measurement: A clinical and epidemiological perspective
Bifulco, A. T. (2002) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730210157501 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Childhood trauma and genetic factors in familial schizophrenia associated with the NOS1AP gene
Husted, J., Ahmed, R., Chow, E. W. C., Brzustowicz, L. M., & Bassett, A. S. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.05.021 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
de Sousa, P., Sellwood, W., Spray, A., & Bentall, R. P. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.049 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 94 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A systematic review on mediators between adversity and psychosis: potential targets for treatment
Alameda, L., Rodríguez, V., Carr, E., Aas, M., Trotta, G., Marino, P., Vorontsova, N., Herane-Vives, A., Gadelrab, R., Spinazzola, E., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720002421 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Spencer, C. N., Khalil, M., Herbert, M. E., Aravkin, A. Y., Arrieta, A., Baeza, M. J., Bustreo, F., Cagney, J., Calderon-Anyosa, R. J. C., Carr, S., et al. (2023) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02629-5 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Herstell, S., Betz, L. T., Penzel, N., Chechelnizki, R., Filihagh, L., Antonucci, L. A., & Kambeitz, J. P. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.10.002 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Erkoreka, L., Zamalloa, I., Rodriguez, S., Muñoz, P., Mendizabal, I., Zamalloa, M. I., Arrue, A., Zumarraga, M., & Gonzalez‐Torres, M. A. (2022) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2640 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Flor, L. S., Stein, C., Gil, G., Khalil, M., Herbert, M. E., Aravkin, A. Y., Arrieta, A., Baeza, M. J., Bustreo, F., Cagney, J., et al. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02143-3 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Wrobel, A. L., Russell, S. E., Jayasinghe, A., Lotfaliany, M., Turner, A., Dean, O. M., Cotton, S., Diaz‐Byrd, C., Yocum, A. K., Duval, E. R., et al. (2022) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13419 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
van Bussel, E. V., Nguyen, N. H. M., Wierdsma, A., van Aken, B. V., Willems, I., & Mulder, C. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641642 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Hu, H., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Lui, S. S. Y., & Chan, R. C. K. (2023) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103598 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Rossi, R., Jannini, T. B., Ciocca, G., Cipriani, C., Socci, V., Pacitti, F., & Lorenzo, G. D. (2023) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2023.07.005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Jin, Y., Xu, S., Wang, Y., Li, H., Wang, X., Xi, S., & Wang, Y. Y. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2022.2141508 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the traumatogenic phenotype hypothesis of psychosis
Onyeama, F., Melegkovits, E. A., Yu, N., Parvez, A., Rodrigues, A., Billings, J., Kelleher, I., Cannon, M. D., & Bloomfield, M. (2024) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2024.52 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Pena-Garijo, J., & Monfort-Escrig, C. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.002 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Geng, J., Lei, L., Wang, W., Li, B., Nie, J., Xie, X., Wang, X., & Wang, P. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211023498 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zheng, G., Fan, Y., Huang, J. G., Lan, J., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.13281 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Short-term reliability of retrospective childhood trauma reports in schizophrenia spectrum psychosis
Chatziioannidis, S., Agorastos, A., Kaprinis, S. G., & Bozikas, V. (2021) · Psychiatriki · doi:10.22365/jpsych.2021.024 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationZoromba, M. A., El‐Gazar, H. E., Elkalla, I. H. R., Amr, M. A.-M., & Ibrahim, N. (2024) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2024.05.008 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
E-attachment and Online Communication
Sitnik‐Warchulska, K., Izydorczyk, B., & Wajda, Z. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003221043 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Migalova, E., Furstova, J., Hasto, J., Tavel, P., & Kascakova, N. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03331-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Insecure attachment, which often emerges as a developmental consequence of adverse caregiving environments, represents a key mechanism linking early adversity to later psychopathology [19, 20].”
Liu, D., Hu, S., Fu, B., Yang, Q., Huang, R., Huang, J., & Shen, Q. (2025) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-025-04172-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Finzi‐Dottan, R., & Segev, M. (2020) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2020.1721040 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Childhood adverse traumatic experiences and schizophrenia
Kosteletos, I., Kollias, K., & Stefanis, N. C. (2020) · Psychiatriki · doi:10.22365/jpsych.2020.311.23 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Is there an association between caregiver antipathy and psychosis? A systematic review
Barnes, G. L., Garety, P. A., Emsley, R., Jameel, L., & Hardy, A. (2021) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12328 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Jovani, A., Moliner-Castellano, B., Gimeno-Vergara, R., Benito, A., Marí-Sanmillán, M. I., Castellano-García, F., & Haro, G. (2025) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i9.108465 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Jiang, X., Zhao, W., Xuan, R., Zu, X., Wang, H., Zhang, L., Li, N., Xie, S., Dong, Y., et al. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05855-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Relationship between childhood parentification, adult attachment styles, and addiction: a review
Demirtaş, S. Ç., Yeşiloğlu, C., & Tamam, L. (2025) · Journal of Dependence · doi:10.51982/bagimli.1721080 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bojosi, K., Olashore, A. A., Roy, H., & Molebatsi, K. (2024) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640241291500 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Monfort-Escrig, C., & Pena-Garijo, J. (2021) · PubMed Central · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Turkish Version of the Psychosis Attachment Measure: A Reliability and Validity Analysis
Burhan, H. Ş., Şafak, Y., & Gündoğmuş, A. G. (2022) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5152/pcp.2022.22231 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sheinbaum, T., Fresán, A., & Domínguez‐Martínez, T. (2024) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2024.2335211 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Feng, Z., Qiu, Y., Jiang, C., Lu, Y., Liu, Y., Li, M., & Li, J. (2025) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-02049-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Carley, S., Laprairie, R. B., Adams, S., & Adams, G. C. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7483679/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Apego, neurocognición y cognición social en el espectro de la esquizofrenia
Monfort-Escrig, C. (2021) · doi:10.6035/14109.2021.151500
Influence of Attachment Behavior in Psychosis
Kim, Y. (2022) · Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.16946/kjsr.2022.25.2.23
A Dynamic-Maturational Framework for the Study of Psychosis and Attachment Theory
Jack, A. H., & Wilson, S. A. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/20438087221142456 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Apego y psicosis: una revisión sistemática para un modelo bio-psico-social
Balmaseda, M. A. (2023) · Clínica e Investigación Relacional · doi:10.21110/19882939.2023.170210
Insecure Attachment in Schizophrenia— A Wider Range of Effect
Xu, R. (2023) · Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media · doi:10.54254/2753-7048/22/20230309
Agorastos, A. (2023) · doi:10.26481/dis.20231211aa
Self-citationGANGGUAN KELEKATAN SEBAGAI PENCETUS TERJADINYA SKIZOFRENIA : TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
Sitanggang, A. R. P., Ardani, I. G. A. I., & Lesmana, C. B. J. (2024) · HEALTHY Jurnal Inovasi Riset Ilmu Kesehatan · doi:10.51878/healthy.v3i1.2867
Carley, S., Laprairie, R. B., Adams, S., & Adams, G. C. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08022-z
Talpain, E. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/caa9e3aczb050z4a86zbd4dz7b02dd2fa8a8
Toward a humanistic epistemology of relational trauma in familial sexual abuse
Maharani, C. A., Muslihati, M., Hotifah, Y., Setiyowati, A. J., & Ramli, M. (2026) · Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies · doi:10.1080/14779757.2026.2677872
- Authors
- Chatziioannidis, S., Andreou, C., Agorastos, A., Kaprinis, S., Malliaris, Y., Garyfallos, G., & Bozikas, V. P.
- Affiliations
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Chatziioannidis, Stylianos
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-06
- Volume
- 276
- Pages
- 223-231
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2943943387
- Semantic Scholar
- 931ffa699be49f80ba15e5727588016654e7dbf6
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 5.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- childhood trauma, attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, insecure attachment, hallucinations, mediation, trauma exposure
- MeSH terms
- Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events, Adult, Anxiety, Female, Hallucinations, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Object Attachment, Psychopathology, Psychotic Disorders, Risk Factors, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
