Entrapment and suicide risk: The development of the 4-item Entrapment Scale Short-Form (E-SF)
Open accessAbstract
Evidence suggests that suicidal behaviour arises from one's attempt to escape from unbearable situations or unbearable thoughts and feelings. These feelings of entrapment are usually assessed via the 16-item Entrapment Scale, but this is too long for routine use in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to develop a brief version of the full scale that reliably assesses entrapment. We used data collected from a clinical sample (n = 497) of patients following hospital-treated self-harm and a population-based sample (n = 3457) of young adults. Four items were selected that had both the highest factor loading and discriminatory parameters and that covered the theoretical constructs of internal and external entrapment. Correlations between the 4-item short-form and the 16-item full scale were nearly perfect (0.94 for the clinical sample, 0.97 for the population-based sample). When comparing the correlations between the short-form and the full scale with other clinical and psychological scales, the correlations were nearly identical. The 4-item Entrapment Scale Short-Form (E-SF) will provide very comparable information about entrapment for each respondent as the full scale will do. However, its brevity will increase the likelihood that the assessment of entrapment will be implemented into everyday clinical practice.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Correlations between the E-SF sum and the 16-item full Entrapment Scale were nearly perfect (0.94 for the clinical sample and 0.97 for the population-based sample).
“Correlations between the sum of these four items and the 16-item full Entrapment Scale [39] were nearly perfect (0.94 for the clinical sample and 0.97 for the population-based sample).”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
<b>lavaan</b> : An <i>R</i> Package for Structural Equation Modeling
Rosseel, Y. (2012) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v048.i02 · Cited by 27,955 · see citing works
pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves
Robin, X., Turck, N., Hainard, A., Tiberti, N., Lisacek, F., Sanchez, J.-C., & Müller, M. (2011) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-12-77 · Cited by 13,697 · see citing works
(2000) · Cited by 4,106 · see citing works
ESTIMATION OF LATENT ABILITY USING A RESPONSE PATTERN OF GRADED SCORES1
Samejima, F. (1968) · ETS Research Bulletin Series · doi:10.1002/j.2333-8504.1968.tb00153.x · Cited by 2,642 · see citing works
Baumeister, R. F. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.1.90 · Cited by 1,919 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Internal entrapment relates to the concept of Baumeister's escape from self (Baumeister, 1990).”
BackgroundHawton, K., & van Heeringen, K. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60372-x · Cited by 1,671 · see citing works
The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour
O'Connor, R. C., & Kirtley, O. J. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0268 · Cited by 1,559 · see citing works
Self-citationltm : An R Package for Latent Variable Modeling and Item Response Theory Analyses
Rizopoulos, D. (2006) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v017.i05 · Cited by 1,439 · see citing works
The psychology of suicidal behaviour
O'Connor, R. C., & Nock, M. K. (2014) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70222-6 · Cited by 1,193 · see citing works
Self-citationGILBERT, P., & ALLAN, S. (1998) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798006710 · Cited by 972 · see citing works
Edelen, M. O., & Reeve, B. B. (2007) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-007-9198-0 · Cited by 831 · see citing works
Kleiman, E. M., Turner, B. J., Fedor, S., Beale, E. E., Huffman, J. C., & Nock, M. K. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000273 · Cited by 831 · see citing works
Measurement error in psychological research: Lessons from 26 research scenarios.
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.2.199 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Baumeister, R. F. (1988) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224498809551444 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Psychological processes and repeat suicidal behavior: a four-year prospective study
O'Connor, R. C., Smyth, R., Ferguson, E., Ryan, C., & Williams, J. M. G. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033751 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-citationExploring the psychology of suicidal ideation: a theory driven network analysis.
De Beurs, D., Fried, E. I., Wetherall, K., Cleare, S., O’ Connor, D. B., Ferguson, E., O'Carroll, R. E., & O’ Connor, R. C. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103419 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationForkmann, T., Spangenberg, L., Rath, D., Hallensleben, N., Hegerl, U., Kersting, A., & Glaesmer, H. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000381 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Wetherall, K., Cleare, S., Eschle, S., Ferguson, E., O'Connor, D. B., O'Carroll, R. E., & O'Connor, R. C. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.074 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationO’Connor, R. C., & Portzky, G. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.021 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Hallensleben, N., Spangenberg, L., Forkmann, T., Rath, D., Hegerl, U., Kersting, A., Kallert, T. W., & Glaesmer, H. (2018) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000464 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-harm: national prevalence study of young adults
O’Connor, R. C., Wetherall, K., Cleare, S., Eschle, S., Drummond, J., Ferguson, E., O'Connor, D. B., & O’Carroll, R. E. (2018) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2018.14 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationSamejima, F. (1970) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02290599 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The development of the short defeat and entrapment scale (SDES).
Griffiths, A. W., Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Taylor, P. J., Panagioti, M., & Tai, S. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000110 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Are defeat and entrapment best defined as a single construct?
Taylor, P. J., Wood, A. M., Gooding, P. A., Johnson, J., & Tarrier, N. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.011 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Beurs, D. P. D., de Vries, A. L., de Groot, M. H., de Keijser, J., & Kerkhof, A. J. F. M. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3511 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Forkmann, T., Teismann, T., Stenzel, J.-S., Glaesmer, H., & Beurs, D. P. D. (2018) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-018-0470-5 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents: An Explanatory Model Using LISREL
Park, Y.-J., Ryu, H., Han, K., Kwon, J. H., Kim, H. K., Kang, H. C., Yoon, J.-W., Cheon, S.-H., & Shin, H. (2010) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945909349115 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Beurs, D. P. D., Vancayseele, N., van Borkulo, C. D., Portzky, G., & van Heeringen, K. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.047 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Nuij, C., Van Ballegooijen, W., Ruwaard, J., de Beurs, D., O'Connor, R. C., Smit, J. H., Riper, H., & Kerkhof, A. (2017) · doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0103.v1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationMagnée, T., Beurs, D. P. D., Terluin, B., & Verhaak, P. F. M. (2017) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.6545 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Williams, J.M.G., 1997. Cry of Pain. Penguin, Harmondsworth.
- Organization, World Health, 2014. Preventing Suicing: A Global Imperative. WHO. World Health Organisation, Geneve. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470774120. · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
O'Connor, R. C., Wetherall, K., Cleare, S., McClelland, H., Melson, A. J., Niedzwiedz, C. L., O'Carroll, R. E., O'Connor, D. B., Platt, S., Scowcroft, E., et al. (2021) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2020.212 · Cited by 1,042 · see citing works
Self-citationChristiansen, E., Konieczna, A., Larsen, C. P., Jakobsen, S. G., & O´Connor, R. C. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08049-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bockting, C., Bosmans, G., Bergers, N., Gavan, L., Hiligsmann, M., de Beurs, D., Molenberghs, G., Wijnen, B., Lokkerbol, J., & van der Spek, N. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08499-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- De Beurs, D., Cleare, S., Wetherall, K., Eschle-Byrne, S., Ferguson, E., B O'Connor, D., & C O'Connor, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-02
- Volume
- 284
- Pages
- 112765
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2998996553
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 1.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense
- ZonMw
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- entrapment, suicide risk, scale development, self-harm, young adults, suicidal behavior, clinical evaluation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Scotland, Reproducibility of Results, Self-Injurious Behavior, Principal Component Analysis, Young Adult, Suicidal Ideation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
