The development of the short defeat and entrapment scale (SDES).
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Previous research has suggested that defeat (conceptualized as a failed social struggle) and entrapment (conceptualized as a perceived inability to escape from aversive situations) form a single construct that reliably predicts psychopathological outcomes in clinical and community settings. However, scales designed to assess defeat and entrapment measure the constructs separately, whereas recent evidence suggests a single scale would be appropriate. Existing scales may also be too lengthy to have clinical utility. The present study developed and evaluated a scale that measured both defeat and entrapment. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that defeat and entrapment were best defined by a single factor, and 8 items were selected that best represented this construct to form the short scale. The scale had high internal consistency (α = .88 to .94), showed criterion validity with hopelessness (r = .45 to .93) and incremental validity for caregiver burden when controlling for depression and positive symptoms of psychosis when controlling for hopelessness (β = .45 to .60). Additionally, the scale had excellent test-retest reliability using single measures absolute agreement intraclass correlation coefficients across 12 months (ricc = .88 to .92) within 4 samples: people with posttraumatic stress disorder, people with psychosis, care home employees, and people from community settings. The scale demonstrated known group validity through discrimination between clinical and nonclinical groups of participants. This scale could be implemented within therapeutic settings to help clinicians identify patients experiencing defeat and entrapment, and incorporate these factors into their clinical assessment and case formulations for treatment.
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Defeat and entrapment both reflect a transdiagnostic psychological mechanism which underlies suicidal ideation, and we suggest that this underlying mechanism is goal conflict.
“Furthermore, there is growing evidence that defeat and entrapment both reflect a transdiagnostic psychological mechanism which underlies suicidal ideation (Griffiths et al., 2015; Owen et al., 2018), and we suggest that this underlying mechanism is goal conflict.”
From The Psychological Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Strategy of Control Without Awareness (2021) · cites this paper as Griffiths et al., 2015
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- Authors
- Griffiths, A. W., Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Taylor, P. J., Panagioti, M., & Tai, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- University of Stirling (GB)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Venue
- Psychological Assessment
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1182-1194
- ISSN
- 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-134X
- OpenAlex
- W2323169431
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 4.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- defeat, entrapment, scale development, hopelessness, caregiver burden, psychopathology prediction, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychosis, clinical evaluation, case formulation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Depression, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychopathology, Psychotic Disorders, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Reproducibility of Results, Caregivers, Young Adult
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