Insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Greek population
Open accessAbstract
Insomnia is a major health issue associated with great psychological burden. Research of insomnia during a pandemic crisis is limited. The aim of the present study was to explore sleep difficulties during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Greek population. The three-day online survey included questions about sociodemographic characteristics, contact with COVID-19 and COVID-19-related negative attitudes, as well as the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), the Intolerance to Uncertainty scale (IUS), the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness scale (JGLS) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) Depression Scale. Altogether, 2,427 individuals participated in the study (with 2,363 of them providing all basic demographic data). Sleep problems were detected in 37.6% of the participants. Women and people in urban areas were more vulnerable to sleep problems, while younger age showed a non-significant trend. Those uncertain about having themselves, or someone close to them contracted the virus, also demonstrated elevated insomnia scores. Lastly, according to the regression analysis, higher levels of intolerance to uncertainty, COVID-19-related worry, loneliness, as well as more severe depressive symptoms, were all predictive of insomnia. Results may be used for the development of therapeutic strategies and implementation of social policies to support people with sleep difficulties.
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Intolerance of uncertainty is associated with stress, distress, insomnia, psychosomatic symptoms, and other clinical conditions in studies on COVID-19 among the general population and HCWs.
“It can be considered as a sub-trait of anxiety [44] (that is, in its turn, a facet of neuroticism), which has often been found in association with stress, distress, insomnia, psychosomatic symptoms, and other clinical conditions in several recent studies carried out on COVID-19 among the general population and HCWs (e.g., [45,51,52,53,54,55,56]).”
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- Authors
- Voitsidis, P., Gliatas, I., Bairachtari, V., Papadopoulou, K., Papageorgiou, G., Parlapani, E., Syngelakis, M., Holeva, V., & Diakogiannis, I.
- Affiliations
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Voitsidis, Panteleimon
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 289
- Pages
- 113076
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7217074
- OpenAlex
- W3025360244
- Semantic Scholar
- b7974157ecb7346df63994d19396b2f49b39bbec
- Cited by
- 411
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 145 · 2020: 55
- FWCI
- 90.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- insomnia, COVID-19 pandemic, sleep disorders, intolerance of uncertainty, loneliness, depressive symptoms, COVID-19-related worry, Athens Insomnia Scale, De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, PHQ-2, sociodemographic risk factors, Greek population
- MeSH terms
- Patient Health Questionnaire, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Female, Greece, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Quarantine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Linear Models, Coronavirus Infections, Uncertainty, Pandemics
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