Longitudinal trajectories of insomnia symptoms among college students during the COVID-19 lockdown in China
Open accessAbstract
Purpose This study aimed to examine the patterns and predictors of the trajectories of college students' insomnia symptoms across different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods A total of 35,516 college students completed three online surveys during the COVID-19 outbreak period (3-10 February 2020), initial remission period (24 March-3 April 2020), and effective control period (1-15 June 2020), respectively. These surveys measured the participants' socio-demographic and pandemic related factors, insomnia symptoms, mental health status, and psychosocial factors. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to examine predictors for trajectory membership.Results The prevalence of insomnia symptoms increases during home quarantine. Five insomnia symptoms trajectories were observed: resistance (82.8% of the sample), recovery (5.0%), delayed-dysfunction (5.8%), chronic-dysfunction (1.8%), and relapsing/remitting (4.6%). Female gender, residence location in urban, has history of sleep problems, smoking, alcohol use, community or village has confirmed COVID-19 cases, current poor mental health, higher negative coping were related to higher risk of developing insomnia symptoms in at least one time point, whereas better family function increased the possibility of recovery relative to chronic dysfunction. Lower social support and positive coping could also cause insomnia chronicity.Conclusion Adolescents have different trajectories of insomnia symptoms during pandemic lockdown. Although most adolescents did not experience insomnia or recovered over time, some adolescents, especially those with the risk factors noted above, exhibit delayed or chronic symptoms. These findings could inform mental health professionals regarding how to provide individualized and appropriate intervention for college students after their return to school.
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The study demonstrated a higher insomnia persistence rate compared to other pandemic studies, which have ranged from 2% to 37%.
“However, we demonstrated a higher insomnia persistence rate compared to other pandemic studies, which have ranged from 2% to 37% [16, 19, 21–23].”
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- Authors
- Wang, D., Zhao, J., Zhai, S., Huang, S., Yang, Z., Pan, Y., Liu, X., & Fan, F.
- Affiliations
- South China Normal University (CN)
- Southern Medical University (CN)
- McGill University (CA)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fan, Fang
- Venue
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-06
- Volume
- 157
- Pages
- 110795
- ISSN
- 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9386300
- OpenAlex
- W4220830487
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9
- FWCI
- 11.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Keywords
- insomnia symptoms, university students, COVID-19 lockdown, home quarantine, longitudinal trajectories, chronic insomnia, mental health, coping, social support, family functioning, smoking, alcohol consumption, sex differences, urban residence, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Anxiety, China, Communicable Disease Control, Depression, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Students, Pandemics
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