Cited by 1,157COVID-19 and Mental HealthMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical implications for U.S. young adult mental health

Open access

Liu, Cindy H., Zhang, Emily, Wong, Ga Tin Fifi, Hyun, Sunah, Hahm, Hyeouk “Chris”·2020·Psychiatry Research

DOI 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113172PMC PMC7263263

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

This study sought to identify factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology in U.S. young adults (18-30 years) during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional online study assessed 898 participants from April 13, 2020 to May 19, 2020, approximately one month after the U.S. declared a state of emergency due to COVID-19 and prior to the initial lifting of restrictions across 50 U.S. states. Respondents reported high levels of depression (43.3%, PHQ-8 scores ≥ 10), high anxiety scores (45.4%, GAD-7 scores ≥ 10), and high levels of PTSD symptoms (31.8%, PCL-C scores ≥ 45). High levels of loneliness, high levels of COVID-19-specific worry, and low distress tolerance were significantly associated with clinical levels of depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. Resilience was associated with low levels of depression and anxiety symptoms but not PTSD. Most respondents had high levels of social support; social support from family, but not from partner or peers, was associated with low levels of depression and PTSD. Compared to Whites, Asian Americans were less likely to report high levels across mental health symptoms, and Hispanic/Latinos were less likely to report high levels of anxiety. These factors provide initial guidance regarding the clinical management for COVID-19-related mental health problems.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113172

Cites

46 of 46 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092 · Cited by 31,765
The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2 · Cited by 13,339
Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.10113 · Cited by 11,793
The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population
Kroenke, K., Strine, T. W., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Berry, J. T., & Mokdad, A. H. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.026 · Cited by 5,121
Psychometric Characteristics of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support
Zimet, G. D., Powell, S. S., Farley, G. K., Werkman, S., & Berkoff, K. A. (1990) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.1990.9674095 · Cited by 4,855
Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8 · Cited by 4,782
A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys: Results From Two Population-Based Studies
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027504268574 · Cited by 4,781
Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL)
Blanchard, E. B., Jones-Alexander, J., Buckley, T. C., & Forneris, C. A. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(96)00033-2 · Cited by 3,997
Interpreting scores on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10)
Andrews, G., & Slade, T. (2001) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1467-842x.2001.tb00310.x · Cited by 2,021
Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis
Plummer, F., Manea, L., Trepel, D., & McMillan, D. (2016) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005 · Cited by 1,882

Show all 48 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Conrad, 2020, Universities’ response to supporting mental health of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic [WWW Document], Psychiatric Times
Domagala-Krecioch, 2013, The issue of loneliness in the period of “emerging adulthood.”, Eur. Scientif. J.
Okruszek, 2020, Safe but lonely?, Loneliness Mental Health Symptoms COVID-19

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 1,000

The relationship between COVID-19-related restrictions and fear of missing out, problematic smartphone use, and mental health in college students: The moderated moderation effect of resilience and social support
Gong, Z., Lv, Y., Jiao, X., Liu, J., Sun, Y., & Qun-zhen, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.986498 · Cited by 36
How do teleworkers escape burnout? A moderated-mediation model of the job demands and turnover intention
Jamal, M. T., Anwar, I., Khan, N. A., & Ahmad, G. (2023) · International Journal of Manpower · doi:10.1108/ijm-12-2022-0628 · Cited by 51
Machine learning based model for detecting depression during Covid-19 crisis
Sofia, Malik, A., Shabaz, M., & Asenso, E. (2023) · Scientific African · doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01716 · Cited by 26
Can Viewing Nature Through Windows Improve Isolated Living? A Pathway Analysis on Chinese Male Prisoners During the COVID-19 Epidemic
Li, H., Zhang, X., You, C., Chen, X., Cao, Y., & Zhang, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.720722 · Cited by 30
“On the other hand, exposure to nature may regulate stress, thus enhancing tolerance to negative emotions (34, 35), which may further reduce the risk of depression and anxiety (36, 37).”
Background
Mental health consequences during alerting situations and recovering to a new normal of coronavirus epidemic in 2019: a cross-sectional study based on the affected population
Zhang, Q., Zheng, R., Fu, Y., Mu, Q., & Li, J. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11550-w · Cited by 33
Trends in cannabis use among U.S. adults amid the COVID-19 pandemic
Brenneke, S. G., Nordeck, C. D., Riehm, K. E., Schmid, I. T., Tormohlen, K. N., Smail, E. J., Johnson, R. M., Kalb, L. G., Stuart, E. A., & Thrul, J. (2021) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103517 · Cited by 31
COVID ‐19–related stressors, family functioning and mental health in Canada: Test of indirect effects
Mohanty, J., Chokkanathan, S., & Alberton, A. M. (2022) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12635 · Cited by 31
Impact of COVID- 19 pandemic on antidepressants consumptions by wastewater analysis in Turkey
Güzel, E. Y., Atasoy, A., Gören, İ. E., & Dağlıoğlu, N. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155916 · Cited by 31
“…anxiety, insomnia, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, and addiction problems, including increased alcohol consumption in the general population (Calina et al., 2021; Lei et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Melchor-Martínez et al., 2021; Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020; Xiong et al., 2020).”
Relationships between Physical and Social Behavioural Changes and the Mental Status of Homebound Residents in Hong Kong during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Fong, B. Y. F., Wong, M. C. S., Law, V., Lo, M. F., Ng, T. K. C., Yee, H. H. L., Leung, T. C. H., & Ho, W. T. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186653 · Cited by 31
Evaluating the Interactive Effect of COVID-19 Worry and Loneliness on Mental Health Among Young Adults
Mayorga, N. A., Smit, T., Garey, L., Gold, A. K., Otto, M. W., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10252-2 · Cited by 31
Adverse childhood experiences exacerbate the association between day-to-day discrimination and mental health symptomatology in undergraduate students
Helminen, E. C., Scheer, J. R., Edwards, K. M., & Felver, J. C. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.058 · Cited by 32
Resilience buffers the association between sleep disturbance and psychotic-like experiences in adolescents
Wang, D., Chen, H., Chen, Z., Yang, Z., Zhou, X., Tu, N., Dai, H., Sun, M., & Fan, F. (2022) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2022.05.018 · Cited by 33
Psycho-emotional adjustment in parents of adolescents: A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of the impact of the COVID pandemic
Valero‐Moreno, S., Lacomba‐Trejo, L., Tamarit, A., Pérez‐Marín, M., & Montoya‐Castilla, I. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2021.01.028 · Cited by 37
Dissociative experiences among Lebanese university students: Association with mental health issues, the economic crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Beirut port explosion
Mhanna, M., Zouki, C.-J. E., Chahine, A., Obeïd, S., & Hallit, S. R. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277883 · Cited by 30
“A recent study done in the USA found that many young adults suffered from post-traumatic stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic, showing that there is a possibility of co-occurrence and overlaps of much symptomatology, especially in the youth [12].”
Background
The role of resilience in the development of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder after trauma in children and adolescents
Srivastava, A., Brown, R., Newport, D. J., Rousseau, J. F., Wagner, K. D., Guzick, A. G., Devargas, C., Claassen, C. A., Ugalde, I. T., Garrett, A. S., et al. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115772 · Cited by 33
Anxiety, gender, and social media consumption predict COVID-19 emotional distress
Heffner, J., Vives, M., & FeldmanHall, O. (2021) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-021-00816-8 · Cited by 29
“For example, while neuroticism and depression have been associated with stress and worry about the pandemic (Faisal et al., 2021; Garbe et al., 2020; Liu et al. 2020; Somma et al., 2020), in our data they do not seem to provide additional explanatory evidence once other variables, namely anxiety,…”
Background
The Moderating Role of Resilience in the Personality-Mental Health Relationship During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Pauly, C., Ribeiro, F. S., Schröder, V. E., Pauly, L., Krüger, R., & Leist, A. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.745636 · Cited by 29
“Even though older adults are considered a high-risk group for COVID-19, and that several studies indicated that social disconnection and distancing put older adults at a greater risk for mental health problems (18, 19), the pandemic seems to have a greater impact on younger adults (20, 21).”
Background
Exposure to COVID-19 during the First and the Second Wave of the Pandemic and Coronavirus-Related PTSD Risk among University Students from Six Countries—A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study
Ochnik, D., Rogowska, A., Kuśnierz, C., Jakubiak, M., Wierzbik-Strońska, M., Schütz, A., Held, M., Arzenšek, A., Pavlova, I., Korchagina, E., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10235564 · Cited by 29
SARS-CoV-2 consequences for mental health: Neuroinflammatory pathways linking COVID-19 to anxiety and depression
de Mello, A. J., Moretti, M., & Rodrigues, A. L. S. (2022) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v12.i7.874 · Cited by 32
Testing positive, losing a loved one, and financial hardship: Real-world impacts of COVID-19 on US college student distress
ElTohamy, A., Hyun, S., Macaranas, A. R., Chen, J. A., Stevens, C., & Liu, C. H. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.022 · Cited by 33
Self-citation
The Rising of the Shield Hero. Development of the Post-Traumatic Symptom Questionnaire (PTSQ) and Assessment of the Protective Effect of Self-Esteem from Trauma-Related Anxiety and Depression
Rossi, A. A., Panzeri, A., Taccini, F., Parola, A., & Mannarini, S. (2022) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-022-00503-z · Cited by 29
“…may represent an efficient approach to reducing the adverse psychological consequences of traumatic symptoms related to post-traumatic events such as COVID-19 – in particular among young adults who showed to be more vulnerable and prone to develop them (Liu et al., 2020; Pan-zeri et al., 2021).”
Resilience level and its association with maladaptive coping behaviours in the COVID-19 pandemic: a global survey of the general populations
Wong, M. C. S., Huang, J., Wang, H., Yuan, J., Xu, W., Zheng, Z., Xue, H., Zhang, L., Jiang, J. Y., Huang, J., et al. (2023) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-022-00903-8 · Cited by 39
Effect of vicarious discrimination on race-based stress symptoms among Asian American young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.
ElTohamy, A., Hyun, S., Rastogi, R., Wong, G. T. F., Kim, G. S., Chae, D. H., Hahm, H. C., & Liu, C. H. (2023) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0001480 · Cited by 33
Self-citation
How did Latinxs near the U.S.-Mexico border fare during the COVID-19 pandemic? A snapshot of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress symptoms
Villalobos, B. T., & Rodríguez, J. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1241603 · Cited by 29
Prospective prediction of PTSD and depressive symptoms during social unrest and COVID-19 using a brief online tool
Wong, S. M. Y., Hui, C. L. M., Wong, C. S. M., Suen, Y. N., Chan, S. K. W., Lee, E. H. M., Chang, W., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113773 · Cited by 28
“Meanwhile, since its emergence, the COVID-19 pandemic has also been observed to trigger PTSD and depressive symptoms (Liu et al., 2020; Torales et al., 2020).”
Background
Living Through the COVID-19 Pandemic: Community-Dwelling Older Adults’ Experiences
Xie, B., Shiroma, K., Main, A. S. D., Davis, N. W., Fingerman, K. L., & Danesh, V. C. (2021) · Journal of Aging & Social Policy · doi:10.1080/08959420.2021.1962174 · Cited by 27
“, 2020), younger adults (Liu et al., 2020; Shi et al., 2020), and older adults (Abdelbasset, 2020; Alves et al.”
Background
Depression during the COVID-19 pandemic amongst residents of homeless shelters in France
Scarlett, H., Davisse‐Paturet, C., Longchamps, C., Aarbaoui, T. E., Allaire, C., Colleville, A.-C., Convence-Arulthas, M., Crouzet, L., Ducarroz, S., Melchior, M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100243 · Cited by 30
COVID-19 and Resilience in Schools: Implications for Practice and Policy
Luthar, S. S., Pao, L. S., & Kumar, N. L. (2021) · Child Policy Nexus · doi:10.1002/sop2.16 · Cited by 29
Interruptions in Mental Health Care, Cannabis Use, Depression, and Anxiety during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from a Cohort of HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative MSM in Los Angeles, California
Javanbakht, M., Rosen, A. D., Ragsdale, A. M., Richter, E., SHOPTAW, S. J., & Gorbach, P. M. (2022) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-022-00607-9 · Cited by 28
“[5] Factors found to be associated with pandemic-related depression and anxiety include being younger, being a racial/ethnic minority, or being diagnosed with a chronic disease.”
Background
A Mindfulness Mobile App for Traumatized COVID-19 Healthcare Workers and Recovered Patients: A Response to “The Use of Digital Applications and COVID-19”
Reyes, A. T. (2020) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-020-00690-9 · Cited by 27
Network analysis of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in adolescents across COVID-19 epidemic and Typhoon Lekima
Qi, J., Sun, R., & Zhou, X. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.080 · Cited by 29
Re-Thinking the Humanities Curriculum in the Time of Covid-19
Koopman, O., & Koopman, K. (2020) · CSALL Publishers (Pty) LtD eBooks · doi:10.29086/978-0-9869936-1-9/2020/aasbs01 · Cited by 33
Trends and Factors Associated With Risk Perception, Anxiety, and Behavior From the Early Outbreak Period to the Controlled Period of COVID-19 Epidemic: Four Cross-Sectional Online Surveys in China in 2020
Liu, B., Liu, H., Han, B., Zhao, T., Sun, T., Tan, X., & Cui, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.768867 · Cited by 28
Increased Risk Perception, Distress Intolerance and Health Anxiety in Stricter Lockdowns: Self-Control as a Key Protective Factor in Early Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Lindner, C., Kotta, I., Marschalkó, E. E., Szabó, K., Kálcza-Jánosi, K., & Retelsdorf, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095098 · Cited by 30
Trauma-Directed Interaction (TDI): An Adaptation to Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for Families with a History of Trauma
Gurwitch, R. H., & Warner-Metzger, C. M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19106089 · Cited by 28
“There has been an increase in adult reports of anxiety, depression, substance use [80], and PostTraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) [81].”
Background
Psychological well-being of young adults during COVID-19 pandemic: Lesson learned and future research agenda
Luthra, S., Agrawal, S., Kumar, A., V, Sharma, M., Joshi, S., & Kumar, J. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15841 · Cited by 27
Risk spillovers connectedness between the US Fintech industry VaR, behavioral biases and macroeconomic instability factors: COVID-19 implications
Gharbi, O., Trichilli, Y., & Abbes, M. B. (2023) · China Finance Review International · doi:10.1108/cfri-12-2022-0277 · Cited by 30
The relationship between the psychological resilience and post-traumatic growth of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a model of conditioned processes mediated by negative emotions and moderated by deliberate rumination
Xu, Y., Ni, Y., Yang, J., Wu, J., Lin, Y., Li, J., Zeng, W., Zeng, Y., Huang, D., Wu, X., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01853-z · Cited by 39
“This personality trait, explained more comprehensively below, can help individuals cope with the negative psychological effects of traumatic events, including the COVID-19 pandemic [25].”
Background
Facilitators for coping with the COVID-19 pandemic: Online qualitative interviews comparing youth with and without disabilities
Lindsay, S., Ahmed, H., & Apostolopoulos, D. (2021) · Disability and health journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101113 · Cited by 28
Emotion Regulation and Distress During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Childhood Abuse
Siegel, A., & Lahav, Y. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211021968 · Cited by 27
Evaluation of Expressive Arts Therapy on the Resilience of University Students in COVID-19: A Network Analysis Approach
Li, Y., & Peng, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19137658 · Cited by 36
Adaptation of Emotional Flexibility Scale: Its Association with Subjective Well Being and Resilience During Covid-19 Pandemic
İme, Y., & Ümmet, D. (2022) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-022-09959-9 · Cited by 26
“Indeed, researches show that there are symptoms of high levels of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder among adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic (Liu et al., 2020).”
Neurological Consequences, Mental Health, Physical Care, and Appropriate Nutrition in Long-COVID-19
Picone, P., Sanfilippo, T., Guggino, R., Scalisi, L., Monastero, R., Baschi, R., Mandalà, V., Biagio, L. S., Rizzo, M., Giacomazza, D., et al. (2022) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-022-01281-w · Cited by 26
COVID-19-related fears, stress and depression in adolescents: The role of loneliness and relational closeness to online friends
Boursier, V., Gioia, F., Musetti, A., & Schimmenti, A. (2023) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2022.2059605 · Cited by 25
“Accordingly, young people have reported high levels of psychological distress, so they have been identified as a high-risk group (Hawes et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2020; Orgilés et al., 2020).”
Background
Cross-Sectional Study of Self-Concept and Gender in Relation to Physical Activity and Martial Arts in Spanish Adolescents during the COVID-19 Lockdown
Lindell-Postigo, D., Ortega, F. Z., Ortiz-Franco, M., & González-Valero, G. (2020) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci10080210 · Cited by 33
“In this line, people with special medical care needs, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children [63], people with post-traumatic stress disorder [64], or transgender individuals [65], are affected by the COVID-19 lockdown.”
Background
Measurement invariance of the CD-RISC-10 across gender, age, and education: A study with Slovenian adults
Kavčič, T., Kocjan, G. Z., & Dolenc, P. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01564-3 · Cited by 26
Exploring the Occupational Balance of Young Adults during Social Distancing Measures in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Rodríguez-Fernández, P., González‐Santos, J., Santamaría‐Peláez, M., Cámara, R. S., & Gonzalez-Bernal, J. J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115809 · Cited by 28
“This study is the first to explore the occupational balance of young adults during the pandemic, but despite the lack of research in this field, factors related to mental health [36], lifestyle [13,37], emotional distress [11], loneliness [38], behavior and well-being patterns [12] have been studied in this population.”
Background
Disminución de la ansiedad en las víctimas del bullying durante el confinamiento por el COVID-19
Gómez-León, M. I. (2021) · Revista de Educación a Distancia (RED) · doi:10.6018/red.439601 · Cited by 26
Parent–student relational turbulence, support processes, and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic
Worley, T. R., & Mucci-Ferris, M. (2021) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075211041658 · Cited by 26
“Social support, particularly from family members, has been identified as a protective factor against COVID-19-related mental health issues (Liu et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluential
Associations Between Changes in Loneliness and Social Connections, and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Women’s Health Initiative
Goveas, J. S., Ray, R. M., Woods, N. F., Manson, J. E., Kroenke, C. H., Michael, Y. L., Shadyab, A. H., Meliker, J. R., Chen, J., Johnson, L., et al. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glab371 · Cited by 30
The impact of COVID-19 stressors on psychological distress and suicidality in a nationwide community survey in Taiwan
Wu, C., Lee, M., Hương, P. T. T., Chan, C., Chen, C.-Y., & Liao, S. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-06511-1 · Cited by 25
Social Support and Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Roles of Loneliness and Meaning in Life
Liu, Y., Hu, J.-S., & Liu, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.916898 · Cited by 25
Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological aspects
Alqahtani, J. S., Almamary, A. S., Alghamdi, S. M., Komies, S., Althobiani, M. A., Aldhahir, A. M., & Naser, A. Y. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91307-2.00007-9 · Cited by 29
“A survey in the United States found that resilient healthcare providers reported low levels of anxiety and depression.(98)”
Background
The Prevalence of Depression and Related Factors During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among the General Population of the Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia
Alharbi, A. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.21965 · Cited by 24
“This method is in widespread use by researchers around the world [8,17-20].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Feeling Anxious amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Psychosocial Correlates of Anxiety Symptoms among Filipina Domestic Helpers in Hong Kong
Yeung, N. C. Y., Huang, B., Lau, C. Y. K., & Lau, J. T. F. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17218102 · Cited by 24
Depression and Anxiety Among Quarantined People, Community Workers, Medical Staff, and General Population in the Early Stage of COVID-19 Epidemic
Li, X., Yu, H., Yang, W., Mo, Q., Yang, Z., Wen, S., Zhao, F., Zhao, W., Tang, Y., Ma, L., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.638985 · Cited by 23
“These suspensions of classes, economic and employment hardshipsmay put young people at greater risk for mental health challenges (Liu et al., 2020; Rachel Conrad et al., 2020).”
Background
Depression, Anxiety, and Daily Activity Among Adolescents Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-sectional Survey Study
Jolliff, A. F., Zhao, Q., Eickhoff, J. C., & Moreno, M. A. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/30702 · Cited by 27
“Limited research on US adolescents during COVID-19 demonstrates increases in depression [12,13] and anxiety [13,14].”
Background
Connection between the COVID-19 pandemic, war trauma reminders, perceived stress, loneliness, and PTSD in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Jeftić, A., İkizer, G., Tuominen, J., Chrona, S., & Kumaga, R. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02407-x · Cited by 29
The Persian COVID‐19 Anxiety Syndrome Scale (C‐19ASS): Psychometric properties in a general community sample of Iranians
Akbari, M., Seydavi, M., Zamani, E., Nikčević, A. V., & Spada, M. M. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2686 · Cited by 23
COVID-19 induced psychosocial challenges in South African higher education: Experiences of staff and students at two rural universities
Olawale, B. E., Mutongoza, B. H., Adu, E. O., & Omodan, B. I. (2021) · Research in Social Sciences and Technology · doi:10.46303/ressat.2021.37 · Cited by 24
“The COVID-19 pandemic has also had a profound effect on mental health, owing to the strains and pressures created by the abrupt change in the way of life (Liu et al., 2020).”
Background
Relationships between racial discrimination, social isolation, and mental health among international Asian graduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic
Dong, F., Hwang, Y., & Hodgson, N. A. (2022) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2052076 · Cited by 25
“35 Liu et al. (2020) 36 conducted a survey across the US and found that young adults aged 18 to 30 years reported high levels of depression (43.3”
BackgroundInfluential
The psychometric properties of the Bangla Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): preliminary reports from a large-scale validation study
Islam, M. S., Ferdous, M. Z., Sujan, M. S. H., Tasnim, R., Masud, J. H. B., Kundu, S., Mosaddek, A. S. M., Choudhuri, M. S. K., Kira, I. A., & Gozal, D. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03920-4 · Cited by 32
Mediating Effects of Social Support and Resilience on the Association between COVID-19-Related Stress and Mental Health in Korean Young Adults
Noh, D., & Park, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116935 · Cited by 21
“Consistent with our findings, a previous study of young adults conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic has reported that higher perceived social support from family is associated with higher resilience and lower depression and anxiety scores [24].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Resilience and well‐being among expatriate entrepreneurs: Envisioning life after a global crisis
Abonil, M., Shrivastava, A., & Hyland, L. (2023) · Global Business and Organizational Excellence · doi:10.1002/joe.22225 · Cited by 28
“During the pandemic, people who viewed themselves as having social support have shown more resilience (Killgore et al., 2020), a construct correlated with lower levels of depression and anxiety (Liu et al., 2020).”
Background
Nature Exposure, Even as Little as 10 Minutes, is Likely to Yield Short-Term Benefits for Adults with Mental Illness: A Meta Analysis
Bettmann, J. E., Speelman, E. A., Blumenthal, E., Couch, S., & Schmalz, D. L. (2024) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2023.0063 · Cited by 29
“…various disorders, including depression, anxiety, substance use disorders, bipolar, and other disorders (Daly & Robinson, 2021; Good-win et al., 2020; Herrman et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2020; Skaer et al., 2008; Slee et al., 2021; Tucci & Moukaddam, 2017; United Nations, 2022; Xiong et al., 2020).”
What Predicts the Mood of Athletes Involved in Preparations for Tokyo 2020/2021 Olympic Games During the Covid – 19 Pandemic? The Role of Sense of Coherence, Hope for Success and Coping Strategies
Szczypińska, M., Samełko, A., & Guszkowska, M. (2021) · Journal of Sports Science and Medicine · doi:10.52082/jssm.2021.421 · Cited by 27
Effects of Mindfulness-Based Internet Intervention on ICD-11 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Dumarkaitė, A., Truskauskaitė‐Kunevičienė, I., Andersson, G., Mingaudaite, J., & Kazlauskas, E. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01739-w · Cited by 23
Antibacterial Effect and Mode of Action of Secondary Metabolites from Fungal Endophyte Associated with Aloe ferox Mill
Maliehe, T. S., Mbambo, M., Nqotheni, M. I., Ngema, S. S., & Shandu, J. S. (2022) · Microbiology Research · doi:10.3390/microbiolres13010007 · Cited by 23
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Trajectories the Year after COVID-19 Hospitalization
Serra, R., Borrazzo, C., Vassalini, P., Nicolantonio, C. D., Koukopoulos, A. E., Tosato, C., Cherubini, F., Alessandri, F., Ceccarelli, G., Mastroianni, C. M., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19148452 · Cited by 27
“The reduction in social support consequent to the imposed social restrictions has also been linked to worse mental health outcomes and increased prevalence of depression and anxiety [24,25] and COVID-19 social restrictions might have affected patients in the post-hospitalization period.”
Background
Family Rejection during COVID-19: Effects on Sexual and Gender Minority Stress and Mental Health among LGBTQ University Students
Gattamorta, K. A., Salerno, J. P., & Laporte, R. R. (2022) · LGBTQ+ Family An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/27703371.2022.2083041 · Cited by 27
“Studies conducted during COVID-19 have shown a detrimental impact to mental health among young adults, including increases in post-traumatic stress, depression, and anxiety (Czeisler et al., 2020; Horigian et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2020).”
Background
Changes in alcohol use during the COVID-19 pandemic among American veterans
Davis, J. P., Prindle, J., Castro, C. C., Saba, S. K., Fitzke, R. E., & Pedersen, E. R. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107052 · Cited by 24
Mental health among LGBTQ cannabis users during the COVID-19 pandemic: Analysis of the COVID-19 cannabis health study.
Gattamorta, K. A., Salerno, J. P., Islam, J. Y., & Vidot, D. C. (2021) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000491 · Cited by 22
Mental health and resilience during the coronavirus pandemic: A machine learning approach
Samuelson, K. W., Dixon, K. E., Jordan, J. T., Powers, T., Sonderman, S., & Brickman, S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23254 · Cited by 21
A Cross-National Study of COVID-19 Impact and Future Possibilities Among Emerging Adults: The Mediating Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty
Lanz, M., Sorgente, A., Vosylis, R., Fonseca, G., Lep, Ž., Li, L., Zupančič, M., Crespo, C., Relvas, A. P., & Serido, J. (2021) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968211046071 · Cited by 22
“According to Kujawa et al. (2020), as a result of pandemic constraints in the US, emerging adults experienced several financial stressors (e.g., financial strain, job loss, or reduced working hours).”
BackgroundInfluential
Mental Health and Well-Being Trends Through the First Year-and-a-Half of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from a Longitudinal Study of Young Adults in the USA
Graupensperger, S. A., Calhoun, B. H., Fleming, C. B., Rhew, I. C., & Lee, C. M. (2022) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-022-01382-4 · Cited by 24
“Research from the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic generally showed that distress related to the pandemic and the stringent measures put in place to combat the spread of SARS-CoV-2 have had detrimental impacts on multiple domains of daily life (Graupensperger et al., 2021; Holmes et al., 2020; Jacobson et al., 2020…”
Background
The differential impact of COVID-19 on mental health: Implications of ethnicity, sexual orientation, and disability status in the United States
Brooks, J. M., Patton, C., Maroukel, S., Perez, A. M., & Levanda, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.902094 · Cited by 22
“In the United States, of particular concern were loneliness, low distress tolerance, and COVID19 worry, which are associated with clinical symptoms of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Liu et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResult
The Impact of Intrusive Rumination on College Students’ Creativity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Effect of Post-traumatic Growth and the Moderating Role of Psychological Resilience
Xu, Y., Wu, J., Li, Q., Zeng, W., Wu, C., Yang, Y., Chen, Z., & Xu, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.789844 · Cited by 25
Spiritual Well-Being, Social Support, and Financial Distress in Determining Depression: The Mediating Role of Impact of Event During COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran
Nia, H. S., Görgülü, Ö., Naghavi, N., Bello, M. A. R., Sánchez‐Teruel, D., Fomani, F. K., She, L., Rahmatpour, P., Allen, K., Arslan, G., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.754831 · Cited by 29
Self-care behaviors, drinking, and smoking to cope with psychological distress during COVID-19 among Chinese college students: the role of resilience
Tam, C. C., Ye, Z., Wang, Y., Li, X., & Lin, D. (2021) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2021.2007913 · Cited by 23
U.S. agricultural university students' mental well‐being and resilience during the first wave of COVID ‐19: Discordant expectations and experiences across genders
Ehmke, M. D., Katare, B., Kiesel, K., Bergtold, J. S., Penn, J., & Boys, K. A. (2022) · Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy · doi:10.1002/aepp.13233 · Cited by 22
International student stressors and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study
Zhang, X., Wong, G. T. F., Liu, C. H., Hahm, H. C., & Chen, J. A. (2022) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2068015 · Cited by 21
Self-citation
Disruptions in the management and care of university students with preexisting mental health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic
Ligus, K., Fritzson, E., Hennessy, E. A., Acabchuk, R. L., & Bellizzi, K. M. (2021) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibab020 · Cited by 21
Longitudinal and bidirectional relationships between parental rejection, peer attachment, and adolescent depression
Yu, X.-X., Zhang, Y., & Xin, S.-F. (2024) · Children and youth services review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107601 · Cited by 21
Older Adolescents Who Did or Did Not Experience COVID-19 Symptoms: Associations with Mental Health, Risk Perception and Social Connection
Burrai, J., Barchielli, B., Cricenti, C., Borrelli, A., D’Amato, S., Santoro, M., Vitale, M., Ferracuti, S., Giannini, A. M., & Quaglieri, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18095006 · Cited by 20
Post-traumatic Growth in the First COVID Outbreak in Hong Kong
Lau, B. H. P., Chan, C., & Ng, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.675132 · Cited by 20
AI-Based Prediction and Prevention of Psychological and Behavioral Changes in Ex-COVID-19 Patients
Ćosić, K., Popović, S., Šarlija, M., Kesedžić, I., Gambiraža, M., Dropuljić, B., Mijić, I., Henigsberg, N., & Jovanović, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.782866 · Cited by 27
“…et al., 2019a; Šarlija et al., 2021), is the “early identiﬁcation of individuals who are at risk of developing PTSD or depression” (Walker et al., 2017), which becomes particularly valuable in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic (´Cosi´c et al., 2020a; Liu C. H. et al., 2020; Mazza et al., 2020).”
Background
A Qualitative Look at the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on American College Students Studying Abroad
Pedersen, E. R., Fitzke, R. E., Bouskill, K., & Sedano, A. (2021) · Frontiers The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad · doi:10.36366/frontiers.v33i3.602 · Cited by 20
“These mental health symptoms have centered on COVID-19-related health fears for themselves and loved ones, isolation and loneliness, and distress tolerance, as well as academic-related factors such as uncertainty about the future of their education, concerns about falling behind in coursework, and struggles with remot…”
BackgroundInfluential
Mental Health Risk Profiles and Related Substance Use During Coronavirus Pandemic Among College Students Who Use Substances
Hurlocker, M. C., Madson, M. B., Lui, P. P., Dvorak, R. D., Ham, L. S., Leffingwell, T. R., Looby, A. R., Meier, E. M., Montes, K. S., Napper, L. E., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00813-1 · Cited by 20
“Anxiety scores were highest of the mental health symptoms across profiles, signifying a need to better understand how anxiety develops among students and to offer interventions to help prevent emotional, social, and academic impairment due to anxiety (Liu et al., 2020).”
Background
Student Subjective Wellbeing amidst the Covid-19 Pandemic in Iran: Role of Loneliness, Resilience and Parental Involvement
Asanjarani, F., Aneesh Kumar, P., & Kalani, S. (2022) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-022-09963-z · Cited by 32
The Latent Class Analysis of Adverse Childhood Experiences among Chinese Children and Early Adolescents in Rural Areas and Their Association with Depression and Suicidal Ideation
Chen, C., Sun, Y., Liu, B., Zhang, X., & Song, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192316031 · Cited by 20
“For example, parents’ divorce was found to predict children’s suicidal behaviors in rural China [24].”
Background
Family or otherwise: Exploring the impact of family motivation on job outcomes in collectivistic society
Yaqoob, S., Ishaq, M. I., Mushtaq, M., & Raza, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.889913 · Cited by 29
“, 2017; Tariq and Ding, 2018), and previous research (Rosso et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020) manifested only a few studies exploring the role of the family as a source of meaning in one’s work.”
Background
Young Adult Mental Health Beyond the COVID-19 Era: Can Enlightened Policy Promote Long-Term Change?
Gruber, J., Hinshaw, S. P., Clark, L. A., Rottenberg, J. A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2023) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/23727322221150199 · Cited by 24
“The COVID-19 pandemic has been a watershed event in history, leading to severe social and economic dislocations, chronic uncertainty, social isolation, and disruptions of daily routines, particularly for young people and their families (Gruber et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020).”
Background
Anxiety and depression in relation to news about COVID-19: A study in general Paraguayan population
Torales, J. C., Barrios, I., Ayala, N., O’Higgins, M. G., Palacios, J. M., Ríos-González, C. M., García, Ó., Ruíz-Díaz, N., González, I., Navarro, R. E., et al. (2021) · Revista de salud publica del Paraguay · doi:10.18004/rspp.2021.junio.67 · Cited by 22
Profiles of Depressive Symptoms Among Men Who Have Sex With Men and Transgender Women During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Mexico: A Latent Class Analysis
Cerecero-García, D., Vermandere, H., Bojórquez, I., Gómez-Castro, J., Sánchez-Ochoa, J. A., Martínez-Dávalos, A., Huerta-Icelo, I., & Bautista-Arredondo, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.598921 · Cited by 19
Pandemic Fatigue and Anxiety Sensitivity as Associated Factors With Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among University Students in South Korea During the Prolonged COVID-19 Pandemic
Kim, H. J., Meeker, T. J., Tulloch, I. K., Mullins, R. J., Park, J., & Bae, S. H. (2022) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2022.1604552 · Cited by 20
“8% of prevalence of PTSS indicative of likely PTSD among young adults [11].”
BackgroundResult
Changes in Internalizing Symptoms and Anxiety Sensitivity Among College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic
McLeish, A. C., Walker, K. L., & Hart, J. L. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-022-09990-8 · Cited by 20
“These findings suggest that increases in anxiety and depression that were seen in the first few months of the pandemic (Fu et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2020; Rodriguez-Hidalgo et al., 2020) have been maintained over the course of the pandemic’s first year.”
Background
Using conservation of resources theory to explain university students’ anxiety, depression, and learning experience during COVID-19
Schiff, M., Pat‐Horenczyk, R., & Benbenishty, R. (2025) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2024.2447854 · Cited by 21
“Congruent with a study conducted among college students in the United States, 40 the current study results pointed to the strong associations between COVID-19-specific stressors 15,41 and students’ anxiety and depression.”
Peritraumatic Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Seoul, South Korea
Yoon, H., You, M., & Shon, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094689 · Cited by 18
Psychiatric comorbidities among COVID-19 survivors in North India: A cross-sectional study
Dar, S. A., Dar, M., Sheikh, S., Haq, I., Azad, A. M.-U.-D., Mushtaq, M., Shah, N. N., & Wani, Z. A. (2021) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_119_21 · Cited by 21
The Aftermath: Post-pandemic Psychiatric Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic, a South Korean Perspective
Min, S., Jeong, Y. H., Kim, J., Koo, J. W., & Ahn, Y. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.671722 · Cited by 22
“During the Spanish flu in 1918, the birth cohorts in utero displayed reduced educational attainment, increased rates of physical disability, lower income, and lower socioeconomic status in the USA (65).”
BackgroundInfluential

Authors: Liu, C. H., Zhang, E., Wong, G. T. F., Hyun, S., & Hahm, H. “.
Affiliations: Boston University (US)
Corresponding author: Liu, Cindy H.
ORCID: Liu, Cindy H.
Hyun, Sunah
Hahm, Hyeouk “Chris”
Venue: Psychiatry Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-08
Volume: 290
Pages: 113172
ISSN: 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113172
PMC: PMC7263263
OpenAlex: W3030361728
Cited by: 1,157
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 130 · 2023: 226 · 2022: 316 · 2021: 300 · 2020: 64
FWCI: 90.67
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 308 d)
Locations: Psychiatry Research (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Science Foundation
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, young adults, loneliness, distress tolerance, resilience, social support, family social support, racial and ethnic differences, mental health
MeSH terms: Patient Health Questionnaire, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Pneumonia, Viral, Quarantine, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical implications for U.S. young adult mental health

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks