The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical implications for U.S. young adult mental health
Open accessAbstract
This study sought to identify factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology in U.S. young adults (18-30 years) during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional online study assessed 898 participants from April 13, 2020 to May 19, 2020, approximately one month after the U.S. declared a state of emergency due to COVID-19 and prior to the initial lifting of restrictions across 50 U.S. states. Respondents reported high levels of depression (43.3%, PHQ-8 scores ≥ 10), high anxiety scores (45.4%, GAD-7 scores ≥ 10), and high levels of PTSD symptoms (31.8%, PCL-C scores ≥ 45). High levels of loneliness, high levels of COVID-19-specific worry, and low distress tolerance were significantly associated with clinical levels of depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. Resilience was associated with low levels of depression and anxiety symptoms but not PTSD. Most respondents had high levels of social support; social support from family, but not from partner or peers, was associated with low levels of depression and PTSD. Compared to Whites, Asian Americans were less likely to report high levels across mental health symptoms, and Hispanic/Latinos were less likely to report high levels of anxiety. These factors provide initial guidance regarding the clinical management for COVID-19-related mental health problems.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“On the other hand, exposure to nature may regulate stress, thus enhancing tolerance to negative emotions (34, 35), which may further reduce the risk of depression and anxiety (36, 37).”
From Can Viewing Nature Through Windows Improve Isolated Living? A Pathway Analysis on Chinese Male Prisoners During the COVID-19 Epidemic (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Socially restrictive measures, quarantines and lockdowns have been associated with reduced social interaction and increased loneliness that may lead to a rise in mental health problems such as symptoms of depression and anxiety.”
From A Longitudinal Study of Loneliness Before the End of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Trajectories, Predictors, and Impact on Chinese Adolescent Mental Health (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“this is a lower prevalence when compared to those reported by research carried out on young adult populations at the early stages of the pandemic when social isolation was imposed to limit the spread of the virus (Faisal et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2020; Varma et al., 2021).”
From Social connections combat loneliness and promote wellbeing among college students coming out of the COVID-19 pandemic (2025) · cites this paper as Liu et al., 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092 · Cited by 31,765
The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2 · Cited by 13,339
Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.10113 · Cited by 11,793
The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population
Kroenke, K., Strine, T. W., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Berry, J. T., & Mokdad, A. H. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.026 · Cited by 5,121
Psychometric Characteristics of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support
Zimet, G. D., Powell, S. S., Farley, G. K., Werkman, S., & Berkoff, K. A. (1990) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.1990.9674095 · Cited by 4,855
Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8 · Cited by 4,782
A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys: Results From Two Population-Based Studies
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027504268574 · Cited by 4,781
Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL)
Blanchard, E. B., Jones-Alexander, J., Buckley, T. C., & Forneris, C. A. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(96)00033-2 · Cited by 3,997
Interpreting scores on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10)
Andrews, G., & Slade, T. (2001) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1467-842x.2001.tb00310.x · Cited by 2,021
Plummer, F., Manea, L., Trepel, D., & McMillan, D. (2016) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005 · Cited by 1,882
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Conrad, 2020, Universities’ response to supporting mental health of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic [WWW Document], Psychiatric Times
- Domagala-Krecioch, 2013, The issue of loneliness in the period of “emerging adulthood.”, Eur. Scientif. J.
- Okruszek, 2020, Safe but lonely?, Loneliness Mental Health Symptoms COVID-19
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nochaiwong, S., Ruengorn, C., Thavorn, K., Hutton, B., Awiphan, R., Phosuya, C., Ruanta, Y., Wongpakaran, N., & Wongpakaran, T. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89700-8 · Cited by 743
The role of perceived social support on depression and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic
Grey, I., Arora, T., Thomas, J., Saneh, A., Tohme, P., & Abi-Habib, R. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113452 · Cited by 587
“Higher ratings of perceived social support from family are reported as being associated with lower levels of depression and PTSD (Liu et al., 2020).”
Acute mental health responses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia
Newby, J. M., O’Moore, K., Tang, S., Christensen, H., & Faasse, K. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236562 · Cited by 471
“However, some recent research has emerged from countries such as China [8–11], Italy [12, 13], India [14, 15], Mexico [16], the United Kingdom [17], USA [18] and Spain [19–21].”
BackgroundInfluentialWang, Y., Kala, M. P., & Jafar, T. H. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244630 · Cited by 382
Supporting young people’s mental health through the COVID-19 crisis
OECD (2021) · OECD policy responses to coronavirus (Covid-19) · doi:10.1787/84e143e5-en · Cited by 416
Stress‐Buffering Role of Social Support during COVID‐19
Szkody, E., Stearns, M., Stanhope, L., & McKinney, C. (2021) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12618 · Cited by 389
Symptoms of burnout in intensive care unit specialists facing the COVID-19 outbreak
Azoulay, É., Waele, J. J. D., Ferrer, R., Staudinger, T., Borkowska, M., Póvoa, P. M. S. R., Iliopoulou, K., Artigas, A., Schaller, S. J., Shankar‐Hari, M., et al. (2020) · Annals of Intensive Care · doi:10.1186/s13613-020-00722-3 · Cited by 408
Paredes, M. R., Apaolaza, V., Fernandez-Robin, C., Hartmann, P., & Yañez-Martinez, D. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110455 · Cited by 383
Li, Y., Zhao, J., Ma, Z., McReynolds, L. S., Lin, D., Chen, Z., Wang, T., Wang, D., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.109 · Cited by 344
Nundy, S., Ghosh, A., Mesloub, A., Albaqawy, G. A., & Alnaim, M. M. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127705 · Cited by 319
“It is evident that social distances are key to trim down the spread of the virus, thus, densely populated cities became unsuitable for sustainable living (Ghosh et al., 2020b), which led to focus us more about uncontrolled global urbanization (Liu, 2020).”
Yuan, K., Gong, Y.-M., Liu, L., Sun, Y., Tian, S.-S., Wang, Y.-J., Zhong, Y., Zhang, A.-Y., Su, S.-Z., Liu, X.-X., et al. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01036-x · Cited by 336
“Negative psychological responses to the infection, including feeling anxious/depressed [61, 99, 108], stressful [47, 53, 66, 70], extremely fearful and helpless [47, 55, 71, 79, 86], and any other negative feelings [81], during the pandemic were all risk factors for post-pandemic PTSD.”
BackgroundInfluentialWolf, S., Seiffer, B., Zeibig, J., Welkerling, J., Brokmeier, L. L., Atrott, B., Ehring, T. W., & Schuch, F. B. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01468-z · Cited by 327
Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States: a systematic literature review
Schein, J., Houle, C., Urganus, A., Cloutier, M., Patterson-Lomba, O., Wang, Y., King, S., Levinson, W., Guérin, A., Lefebvre, P., et al. (2021) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2021.1978417 · Cited by 288
Stress and coping during COVID-19 pandemic: Result of an online survey
Kar, N., Kar, B., & Kar, S. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113598 · Cited by 320
“8%) were reported in young adults (Liu et al., 2020).”
Nikolaidis, A., Paksarian, D., Alexander, L. M., DeRosa, J., Dunn, J. A., Nielson, D. M., Droney, I., Kang, M., Douka, I., Bromet, E. J., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87270-3 · Cited by 292
Alzueta, E., Perrin, P. B., Baker, F. C., Caffarra, S., Ramos‐Usuga, D., Yüksel, D., & Arango‐Lasprilla, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23082 · Cited by 282
Women's Mental Health in the Time of Covid-19 Pandemic
Thibaut, F., & van Wijngaarden-Cremers, P. J. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2020.588372 · Cited by 254
“(25) have also reported high levels of depression (43.”
BackgroundWestrupp, E. M., Bennett, C., Berkowitz, T. S., Youssef, G. J., Toumbourou, J. W., Tucker, R., Andrews, F. J., Evans, S., Teague, S. J., Karantzas, G. C., et al. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01861-z · Cited by 271
Job Insecurity and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression Among U.S. Young Adults During COVID-19
Ganson, K. T., Tsai, A. C., Weiser, S. D., Benabou, S. E., & Nagata, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.008 · Cited by 256
Lee, Y. L., Lui, L. M. W., Chen-Li, D. C. J., Liao, Y., Mansur, R. B., Brietzke, E. M., Rosenblat, J. D., Ho, R., Rodrigues, N. B., Lipsitz, O., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.050 · Cited by 246
Psycho-social factors associated with mental resilience in the Corona lockdown
Veer, I. M., Riepenhausen, A., Zerban, M., Wackerhagen, C., Puhlmann, L. M. C., Engen, H. G., Köber, G., Bögemann, S. A., Weermeijer, J. D. M., Uściƚko, A., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-01150-4 · Cited by 241
Wang, C., Chudzicka-Czupała, A. E., Tee, M. L., Núñez, M. I. L., Tripp, C., Fardin, M. A., Habib, H. A., Tran, B. X., Adamus, K., Anlacan, J. P., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85943-7 · Cited by 218
Liu, C. H., Erdei, C., & Mittal, L. P. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113552 · Cited by 212
Self-citationThe Disproportionate Burden of the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Pregnant Black Women
Gur, R. E., White, L. K., Waller, R. E., Barzilay, R., Moore, T. M., Kornfield, S. L., Njoroge, W., Duncan, A. F., Chaiyachati, B. H., Parish‐Morris, J., et al. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113475 · Cited by 205
Assessing the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 among College Students: An Evidence of 15 Countries
Batra, K., Sharma, M., Batra, R., Singh, T. P., & Schvaneveldt, N. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9020222 · Cited by 212
“Risk of Bias in the Included Studies Eleven studies were assigned good quality scores [19,25,35,38,43,44,47,48,56,58,59] and sixteen studies were identified as of medium or fair quality [36,37,39–42,45,46,49–55,57] (Appendix A, Table A2).”
BackgroundKhoury, J. E., Atkinson, L., Bennett, T., Jack, S. M., & Gonzalez, A. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.027 · Cited by 195
The Impact of Migration Status on Adolescents’ Mental Health during COVID-19
Pieh, C., Dale, R., Jesser, A., Probst, T., Plener, P. L., & Humer, E. C. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10010176 · Cited by 178
Liu, C. H., Stevens, C., Conrad, R. C., & Hahm, H. C. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113345 · Cited by 171
Self-citationResilience and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic
Verdolini, N., Amoretti, S., Montejo, L., García‐Rizo, C., Hogg, B., Mezquida, G., Rabelo‐da‐Ponte, F. D., Vallespir, C., Raduà, J., Martínez‐Arán, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.055 · Cited by 186
“national surveys evaluated trait resilience in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic (Killgore et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020).”
BackgroundBrailovskaia, J., & Margraf, J. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106720 · Cited by 189
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Disorders. A Critical Review
Clemente‐Suárez, V. J., Martínez–González, M. B., Benítez-Agudelo, J. C., Navarro-Jiménez, E., Beltrán-Velasco, A. I., Ruisoto, P., Arroyo, E. D., Laborde-Cárdenas, C. C., & Tornero-Aguilera, J. F. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph181910041 · Cited by 175
College student mental health risks during the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications of campus relocation
Conrad, R. C., Hahm, H. C., Koire, A. M., Pinder-Amaker, S. L., & Liu, C. H. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.054 · Cited by 164
Self-citationGibson, B., Schneider, J., Talamonti, D., & Forshaw, M. J. (2021) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/cap0000272 · Cited by 173
Prevalence of Anxiety in University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review
Liyanage, S., Saqib, K., Khan, A. F., Thobani, T. R., Tang, W., Chiarot, C. B., AlShurman, B. A., & Butt, Z. A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010062 · Cited by 186
Ettman, C. K., Abdalla, S. M., Cohen, G. H., Sampson, L., Vivier, P. M., & Galea, S. (2020) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2020-215213 · Cited by 148
Shen, W., Long, L. M., Shih, C.-H., & Ludy, M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092712 · Cited by 159
“stress disorder symptoms were prevalent among US young adults, affecting 43%, 45%, and 31% of this population, respectively [5].”
BackgroundCastaldelli-Maia, J. M., Marziali, M. E., Lu, Z., & Martins, S. S. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721000933 · Cited by 138
“…& Maulik, 2020; Killgore, Cloonan, Taylor, & Dailey, 2020; Lai et al., 2020; Lin et al., 2020; Liu, Zhang, Wong, Hyun, & Hahm, 2020a; J. Liu et al., 2020b; Mahendran, Patel, & Sproat, 2020; Mechili et al., 2020; MuñozNavarro, Vindel, Schmitz, Cabello, & Fernández-Berrocal, 2020; Naser…”
Graupensperger, S. A., Fleming, C. B., Jaffe, A. E., Rhew, I. C., Patrick, M. E., & Lee, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.01.008 · Cited by 138
Hahm, H. C., Ha, Y., Scott, J. C., Wongchai, V., Chen, J. A., & Liu, C. H. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114084 · Cited by 134
Self-citationPinkham, A. E., Ackerman, R. A., Depp, C. A., Harvey, P. D., & Moore, R. C. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113493 · Cited by 127
“The finding that spending less time alone pre-pandemic was associated with increased well-being during-pandemic is consistent with studies showing that social support is associated with resiliency (Liu et al., 2020).”
ResultMüller, F., Röhr, S., Reininghaus, U., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073615 · Cited by 144
Miconi, D., Li, Z. Y., Frounfelker, R. L., Santavicca, T., Cénat, J. M., Venkatesh, V., & Rousseau, C. (2021) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2020.146 · Cited by 120
A longitudinal study of mental health before and during COVID-19 lockdown in the French population
Ramiz, L., Contrand, B., Castro, M. Y. R., Dupuy, M., Lu, L., Sztal-Kutas, C., & Lagarde, E. (2021) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-021-00682-8 · Cited by 133
“The same results were found for the COVID-19 crisis among young adults in the US [23].”
ResultSuen, Y. T., Chan, R. C. H., & Wong, E. M. Y. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113365 · Cited by 123
The impact of COVID-19 on college students from communities of color
Molock, S. D., & Parchem, B. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1865380 · Cited by 136
Nowicki, G., Ślusarska, B. J., Tucholska, K., Naylor, K. A., Chrzan‐Rodak, A., & Niedorys, B. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186491 · Cited by 131
“[46] amongst a group of young adults in the US have proven a pivotal role of family support resulting in low levels of depression and lower PTSD symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic.”
BackgroundDelpino, F. M., da Silva, C. N., Jerônimo, J. S., Mulling, E. S., da Cunha, L. L., Weymar, M. K., Alt, R., Caputo, E. L., & Feter, N. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.003 · Cited by 134
Psychiatric impacts of the COVID-19 global pandemic on U.S. sexual and gender minority young adults
Kamal, K., Li, J. J., Hahm, H. C., & Liu, C. H. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113855 · Cited by 116
Self-citationBussolari, C., Currin-McCulloch, J., Packman, W., Kogan, L., & Erdman, P. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11020330 · Cited by 113
The Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health: The Role of Locus on Control and Internet Use
Sigurvinsdóttir, R., Þórisdóttir, I. E., & Gylfason, H. F. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17196985 · Cited by 129
Mai, Y., Wu, Y. J., & Huang, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.646145 · Cited by 137
Sauer, K. S., Jungmann, S. M., & Witthöft, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197241 · Cited by 116
“In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, lower levels of distress tolerance were associated with a higher risk for clinically relevant levels of depression, anxiety, and symptoms of PTSD [47].”
BackgroundSex differences in self-report anxiety and sleep quality during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders
Bigalke, J. A., Greenlund, I. M., & Carter, J. R. (2020) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-020-00333-4 · Cited by 115
Ellis, L. A., Lee, M. D., Ijaz, K., Smith, J. A., Braithwaite, J., & Yin, K. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/25117 · Cited by 109
“These behaviors reduced loneliness, which is known to correlate with worse mental health during the COVID-19 shutdown [35,65,66].”
Vloo, A., Alessie, R. J. M., Mierau, J. O., Boezen, M., Mierau, J. O., Franke, L., Dekens, J. A. M., Deelen, P., Lanting, P., Vonk, J. M., et al. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100878 · Cited by 116
Associations between periods of COVID-19 quarantine and mental health in Canada
Daly, Z., Slemon, A., Richardson, C. G., Salway, T., McAuliffe, C., Gadermann, A. M., Thomson, K. C., Hirani, S., & Jenkins, E. K. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113631 · Cited by 102
“…alone, being unemployed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and having a pre-existing mental health condition, and were selected a priori based on previous research suggesting their links to mental health and suicidality (Gili et al., 2019; Jacob et al., 2019;Liu et al., 2020; McIntyre and Lee, 2020).”
BackgroundMethodJoaquim, R. M., Pinto, A. L. D. C. B., Guatimosim, R. F., de Paula, J. J., Costa, D. S., Díaz, A. P., da Silva, A. G., Pinheiro, M. I. C., Serpa, A. L. D. O., de Miranda, D. M., et al. (2021) · Current Research in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.crbeha.2021.100019 · Cited by 114
Symptoms of Mental Health Disorders in Critical Care Physicians Facing the Second COVID-19 Wave
Azoulay, É., Pochard, F., Reignier, J., Argaud, L., Bruneel, F., Courbon, P., Cariou, A., Klouche, K., Labbé, V., Barbier, F., et al. (2021) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023 · Cited by 107
“The median number of beds per ICU was 18 (14-22) before the pandemic and 30 (25-35) during the second wave.”
Brailovskaia, J., & Margraf, J. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03182-z · Cited by 101
“…increase of addictive social media use (Masaeli & Farhadi, 2021; Zhao & Zhou, 2021) is accompanied by an enhancement of symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety (Charles et al., 2021; Galea et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Nekliudov et al., 2020; Paredes et al., 2020; Taylor et al., 2020).”
Khan, A. N. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120968 · Cited by 109
Craig, S. G., Ames, M. E., Bondi, B. C., & Pepler, D. J. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/cbs0000305 · Cited by 105
Psychological correlates of poor sleep quality among U.S. young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic
Hyun, S., Hahm, H. C., Wong, G. T. F., Zhang, E., & Liu, C. H. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.12.009 · Cited by 104
Self-citationWang, C., Tripp, C., Sears, S. F., Xu, L., Tan, Y., Zhou, D., Ma, W., Xu, Z., Chan, N., Ho, C. S. H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-021-00237-7 · Cited by 96
Incidence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after Coronavirus Disease
Chang, M. C., & Park, D. (2020) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare8040373 · Cited by 93
Uğurlu, Y. K., Değirmenci, D. M., Durgun, H., & Uğur, H. G. (2020) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12703 · Cited by 94
Latent profile analysis of COVID-19 fear, depression, anxiety, stress, mindfulness, and resilience
Yalçın, İ., Can, N., Çalışır, Ö. M., Yalçın, S., & Çolak, B. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01667-x · Cited by 103
Parenteau, A. M., Boyer, C. J., Campos, L., Carranza, A. F., Deer, L. K., Hartman, D. T., Bidwell, J. T., & Hostinar, C. E. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422000499 · Cited by 100
“For example, Liu et al. (2020) found that emotional support from family was associated with low levels of depression and PTSD in young adults during COVID-19, a finding consistent with prior research (Lee et al., 2021).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSherman, A. C., Williams, M. L., Amick, B. C., Hudson, T. J., & Messias, E. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113476 · Cited by 93
“…et al. 2020b; Forte et al., 2020; Gonzaelz-Sanguino et al., 2020; Huang and Zhao, 2020; Petzold et al., 2020; Ren et al. 2020; Rossi et al., 2020; Smith et al., 2020; Solomou and Constantinidou, 2020; Varshney et al, 2020; Wang et al., 2020), and in the US (Liu et al., 2020; Tull et al. 2020).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTFOS Lifestyle: Impact of lifestyle challenges on the ocular surface
Galor, A., Britten‐Jones, A. C., Feng, Y., Ferrari, G., Goldblum, D., Gupta, P. K., Merayo-Llovés, J., Na, K., Naroo, S. A., Nichols, K. K., et al. (2023) · The Ocular Surface · doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.008 · Cited by 96
Stinson, E. A., Sullivan, R. M., Peteet, B. J., Tapert, S. F., Baker, F. C., Breslin, F. J., Dick, A. S., Gonzalez, M. R., Guillaumé, M., Marshall, A. T., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.08.007 · Cited by 94
“However, few studies have examined the impact of ACEs on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in preadolescents and adolescents from minoritized racial-ethnic backgrounds in the United States.”
InfluentialReyes‐Portillo, J. A., Warner, C. M., Kline, E. A., Bixter, M. T., Chu, B. C., Miranda, R., Nadeem, E., Nickerson, A. B., Ortin‐Peralta, A., Reigada, L. C., et al. (2022) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968211066657 · Cited by 90
“While loneliness is a strong risk factor for depression and anxiety across the lifespan (Matthews et al., 2016; Okruszek et al., 2020), rates of loneliness are consistently found to be elevated among emerging adults relative to other developmental periods (Liu et al., 2020; Matthews et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialHawke, L. D., Sheikhan, N. Y., MacCon, K., & Henderson, J. L. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06321-7 · Cited by 84
“Indeed, youth are experiencing mental health challenges during the pandemic [7–12], including heighted symptoms of internalizing mental health challenges [7, 13], posttraumatic stress disorder [10, 13], and general stress and distress [10–12].”
BackgroundZhang, L., Pan, R., Cai, Y., & Pan, J. (2021) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2020.0458 · Cited by 87
Gabarrell‐Pascuet, A., García‐Mieres, H., Giné-Vázquez, I., Moneta, M. V., Koyanagi, A., Haro, J. M., & Domènech‐Abella, J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20042765 · Cited by 97
Kobayashi, L. C., O’Shea, B. Q., Kler, J. S., Nishimura, R., Palavicino‐Maggio, C. B., Eastman, M. R., Vinson, Y. R., & Finlay, J. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044965 · Cited by 82
The COVID-19 disaster and mental health—assessing, responding and recovering
Lindert, J., Jakubauskienė, M., & Bilsen, J. J. R. (2021) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckab153 · Cited by 89
Depression, anxiety, and academic performance in COVID-19: a cross-sectional study
Barbosa‐Camacho, F. J., Romero-Limón, O. M., Ibarrola‐Peña, J. C., Almanza-Mena, Y. L., Pintor‐Belmontes, K. J., Sánchez‐López, V. A., Chejfec‐Ciociano, J. M., Guzmán-Ramírez, B. G., Sapién-Fernández, J. H., Guzmán-Ruvalcaba, M. J., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04062-3 · Cited by 85
Kogan, L. R., Currin-McCulloch, J., Bussolari, C., Packman, W., & Erdman, P. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11072084 · Cited by 79
Rösel, I., Bauer, L. L., Seiffer, B., Deinhart, C., Atrott, B., Sudeck, G., Hautzinger, M., & Wolf, S. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114559 · Cited by 84
“Our results are in accordance with research on mental health during COVID-19 from North and South America (Callow et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Meyer et al., 2020; Schuch et al., 2020; Torales et al., 2020), Asia (Cao et al.”
Hahm, H. C., Hall, C. D. X., Garcia, K. T., Cavallino, A., Ha, Y., Cozier, Y. C., & Liu, C. H. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11559-1 · Cited by 80
“This study uses data from Wave I (April through September 2020) of the COVID-19-CARES [21], a longitudinal study examining the psychosocial experiences of individuals ages 18–30 years across three time points from 2020 to 2021.”
MethodSelf-citationGénéreux, M., Schlüter, P. J., Hung, K. K. C., Wong, C. S., Mok, C. P. Y., O’Sullivan, T. L., David, M. D., Carignan, M.-È., Blouin-Genest, G., Champagne-Poirier, O., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17228390 · Cited by 80
Psychological risks to mother–infant bonding during the COVID-19 pandemic
Liu, C. H., Hyun, S., Mittal, L. P., & Erdei, C. (2021) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-021-01751-9 · Cited by 82
“Reported grief experiences using this 6-item grief scale have been associated with mental health symptoms among perinatal women, college students (50), and young adults (51); it has also been associated with mental health diagnoses (52), and sleep problems (53).”
MethodSelf-citationDepression Detection in Speech Using Transformer and Parallel Convolutional Neural Networks
Yin, F., Du, J. K., Xu, X., & Li, Z. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12020328 · Cited by 79
Scherlinger, M., Felten, R., Gallais, F., Nazon, C., Chatelus, E., Pijnenburg, L., Mengin, A. C., Gras, A., Vidailhet, P., Arnould-Michel, R., et al. (2021) · Infectious Diseases and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40121-021-00484-w · Cited by 82
Longitudinal effects of COVID‐19‐related stressors on young adults' mental health and wellbeing
Graupensperger, S. A., Calhoun, B. H., Patrick, M. E., & Lee, C. M. (2022) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12344 · Cited by 74
“It also extends our understanding of the initial effects of COVID19-related stressors by examining a community sample of young adults, supporting hypotheses that social/relational stressors may be central to the widespread declines in mental health/well-being among young adults (Liu et al., 2020).”
BackgroundJaffe, A. E., Graupensperger, S. A., Blayney, J. A., Duckworth, J. C., & Stappenbeck, C. A. (2022) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.01.038 · Cited by 75
Loneliness and COVID-19 preventive behaviours among Japanese adults
Stickley, A., Matsubayashi, T., & Ueda, M. (2020) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa151 · Cited by 76
COVID-19 Lockdown and Mental Health in a Sample Population in Spain: The Role of Self-Compassion
Gutiérrez-Hernández, M. E., Fanjul, L. F., Díaz, A., Reyes-Hurtado, P., Herrera-Rodríguez, J. F., Enjuto-Castellanos, M. D. P., & Castro, W. P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18042103 · Cited by 77
Scandurra, C., Bochicchio, V., Dolce, P., Valerio, P., Muzii, B., & Maldonato, M. N. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02059-x · Cited by 77
“Since there are no certainties in relation to the end of the pandemic, feelings of uncontrollability may dramatically increase and this, in turn, may cause anxiety as a common response to a stressful situation (Giallonardo et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Usher et al., 2020).”
BackgroundHawke, L. D., Szatmári, P., Cleverley, K., Courtney, D., Cheung, A., Voineskos, A. N., & Henderson, J. L. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049209 · Cited by 71
Ueafuea, K., Boonnag, C., Sudhawiyangkul, T., Leelaarporn, P., Gulistan, A., Chen, W., Mukhopadhyay, S. C., Wilaiprasitporn, T., & Piyayotai, S. (2020) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2020.3046259 · Cited by 72
“general public, women [45], [47], those who did not receive support [39], those with suspected COVID-19 symptoms [40],”
BackgroundRisk Factors Underlying COVID-19 Lockdown-Induced Mental Distress
Novotný, J., Gonzalez-Rivas, J. P., Kunzová, Š., Skladaná, M., Pospíšilová, A., Polcrova, A. B., Medina‐Inojosa, J. R., López-Jiménez, F. A., Geda, Y. E., & Stokin, G. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.603014 · Cited by 68
Wellbeing and Resilience in Tourism: A Systematic Literature Review During COVID-19
Pocinho, M. M. F. D. D., Garcês, S. F., & de Jesús, S. N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.748947 · Cited by 69
“As a personal trait, resilience may allow people to manage negative situations better (Liu et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAbdalla, S. M., Ettman, C. K., Cohen, G. H., & Galea, S. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044125 · Cited by 68
Stevens, C., Zhang, E., Cherkerzian, S., Chen, J. A., & Liu, C. H. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23094 · Cited by 69
Self-citationVogel, M., Meigen, C., Sobek, C., Ober, P., Igel, U., Körner, A., Kieß, W., & Poulain, T. (2021) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1111/jcv2.12004 · Cited by 73
“…and higher perceived stress (Mikkelsen et al., 2020), higher prevalence of depression (Goosby et al., 2013; C. H. Liu, Zhang et al., 2020), anxiety (C. H. Liu, Zhang et al., 2020), suicidality (Shovestul et al., 2020), and somatic symptoms (C. H. Liu, Zhang et al., 2020; S. Liu, Liu et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCox, R. C., Jessup, S. C., Luber, M. J., & Olatunji, B. O. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102315 · Cited by 69
The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women
Puertas‐Gonzalez, J. A., Mariño-Narváez, C., Peralta‐Ramírez, M. I., & Romero‐Gonzalez, B. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113978 · Cited by 77
“Moreover, several studies conducted in different countries (United States, China, Canada, Italy, Turkey and Greece) suggest that the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms may have increased in pregnant women during the pandemic (Hessami et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2020).”
Oliveira Carvalho, P., Hülsdünker, T., & Carson, F. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12010003 · Cited by 66
Jaworski, B. K., Taylor, K. L., Ramsey, K. M., Heinz, A. J., Steinmetz, S. E., Pagano, I., Moraja, G., & Owen, J. E. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/26559 · Cited by 66
“COVID-19 has also negatively impacted mental health and well-being globally [1-3].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Liu, C. H., Zhang, E., Wong, G. T. F., Hyun, S., & Hahm, H. “.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Cindy H.
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 290
- Pages
- 113172
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7263263
- OpenAlex
- W3030361728
- Cited by
- 1,157
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 130 · 2023: 226 · 2022: 316 · 2021: 300 · 2020: 64
- FWCI
- 90.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, young adults, loneliness, distress tolerance, resilience, social support, family social support, racial and ethnic differences, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Patient Health Questionnaire, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Pneumonia, Viral, Quarantine, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
