The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical implications for U.S. young adult mental health
Open accessAbstract
This study sought to identify factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology in U.S. young adults (18-30 years) during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional online study assessed 898 participants from April 13, 2020 to May 19, 2020, approximately one month after the U.S. declared a state of emergency due to COVID-19 and prior to the initial lifting of restrictions across 50 U.S. states. Respondents reported high levels of depression (43.3%, PHQ-8 scores ≥ 10), high anxiety scores (45.4%, GAD-7 scores ≥ 10), and high levels of PTSD symptoms (31.8%, PCL-C scores ≥ 45). High levels of loneliness, high levels of COVID-19-specific worry, and low distress tolerance were significantly associated with clinical levels of depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. Resilience was associated with low levels of depression and anxiety symptoms but not PTSD. Most respondents had high levels of social support; social support from family, but not from partner or peers, was associated with low levels of depression and PTSD. Compared to Whites, Asian Americans were less likely to report high levels across mental health symptoms, and Hispanic/Latinos were less likely to report high levels of anxiety. These factors provide initial guidance regarding the clinical management for COVID-19-related mental health problems.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“On the other hand, exposure to nature may regulate stress, thus enhancing tolerance to negative emotions (34, 35), which may further reduce the risk of depression and anxiety (36, 37).”
From Can Viewing Nature Through Windows Improve Isolated Living? A Pathway Analysis on Chinese Male Prisoners During the COVID-19 Epidemic (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Socially restrictive measures, quarantines and lockdowns have been associated with reduced social interaction and increased loneliness that may lead to a rise in mental health problems such as symptoms of depression and anxiety.”
From A Longitudinal Study of Loneliness Before the End of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Trajectories, Predictors, and Impact on Chinese Adolescent Mental Health (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“this is a lower prevalence when compared to those reported by research carried out on young adult populations at the early stages of the pandemic when social isolation was imposed to limit the spread of the virus (Faisal et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2020; Varma et al., 2021).”
From Social connections combat loneliness and promote wellbeing among college students coming out of the COVID-19 pandemic (2025) · cites this paper as Liu et al., 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092 · Cited by 31,765
The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2 · Cited by 13,339
Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.10113 · Cited by 11,793
The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population
Kroenke, K., Strine, T. W., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Berry, J. T., & Mokdad, A. H. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.026 · Cited by 5,121
Psychometric Characteristics of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support
Zimet, G. D., Powell, S. S., Farley, G. K., Werkman, S., & Berkoff, K. A. (1990) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.1990.9674095 · Cited by 4,855
Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8 · Cited by 4,782
A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys: Results From Two Population-Based Studies
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027504268574 · Cited by 4,781
Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL)
Blanchard, E. B., Jones-Alexander, J., Buckley, T. C., & Forneris, C. A. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(96)00033-2 · Cited by 3,997
Interpreting scores on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10)
Andrews, G., & Slade, T. (2001) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1467-842x.2001.tb00310.x · Cited by 2,021
Plummer, F., Manea, L., Trepel, D., & McMillan, D. (2016) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005 · Cited by 1,882
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Conrad, 2020, Universities’ response to supporting mental health of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic [WWW Document], Psychiatric Times
- Domagala-Krecioch, 2013, The issue of loneliness in the period of “emerging adulthood.”, Eur. Scientif. J.
- Okruszek, 2020, Safe but lonely?, Loneliness Mental Health Symptoms COVID-19
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,000
Li, S., Ye, P., Du, W., Cheng, L., Ru, B., Liu, Q., Cai, F., Wang, W., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-92573-w · Cited by 2
Fu, X., Hwang, W., Hadi, N., Brown, M. T., & Silverstein, M. D. (2025) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.13195 · Cited by 3
Vural, M. E., GEÇER, H., HACIKELEŞOĞLU, H., & Yıldırım, M. (2025) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel16060666 · Cited by 3
Meng, X., & Lin, F. (2025) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-025-03689-5 · Cited by 2
An Exploratory Analysis of Minority Stress Experiences and Mental Ill-Health in Bisexual Adults
Abbott, R. L., Loi, N. M., Bartik, W. J., Larsen, S. A., Sundaraja, C., & Lykins, A. D. (2025) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2025.2558770 · Cited by 2
Wang, C., Li, Q., Xu, D., & Yuan, G. F. (2025) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.70056 · Cited by 2
Yin, Z., Zhao, Y., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1656033 · Cited by 5
Ungureanu, F. A., Parnes, M. F., Superka, J. E., Hasson‐Ohayon, I., Figueroa-Restrepo, C., Maya, M., Romero, S. A., Jiwani, Z., Horesh, D., & Brown, A. D. (2025) · Psychiatry Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.psycom.2025.100233 · Cited by 2
Nikl, A., Brodszky, V., Szabó, Á., & Rencz, F. (2025) · The European Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1007/s10198-025-01839-7 · Cited by 2
“Fourth, data collection took place during the COVID-19 pandemic, which may have influenced responses, particularly in the mental health dimensions [49, 50].”
Clinical and sociodemographic predictors of AI use for mental health among college students
Liu, C. H., Zhang, W., Lou, F., Zhao, C., Chow, A., & Yip, T. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122058 · Cited by 4
Self-citationMordeno, I. G., Lucero, L., & Bigcas, J. D. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1850327 · Cited by 2
Turner‐Cobb, J. M., Arden-Close, E. J., Portch, E., & Wignall, L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19137986 · Cited by 4
“Recent work examining mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic found higher levels of stress, depression and anxiety symptoms worldwide [17], including in the UK [18] and the United States [19,20].”
BackgroundStone, J. A., & Ryerson, N. C. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276863 · Cited by 3
Hidayat, N. A. P., Setyoningrum, R. A., & Setiawati, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Research Publications · doi:10.47119/ijrp10011511220224351 · Cited by 3
Giotsa, A. Z. (2022) · Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22288-7_4 · Cited by 3
Luchesi, B. M., Andrade, N. D. O., Carrijo, M. F., Azambuja, H. C. S., Martins, T. C. R., & Seixas, R. A. M. (2023) · Journal of Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/00989134-20230414-03 · Cited by 2
Lioupi, C., Anastassiou‐Hadjicharalambous, X., Acquarini, E., Ajduković, D., Ardino, V., Böttche, M., Dragan, M., Figueiredo‐Braga, M., Geležėlytė, O., Grajewski, P., et al. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05036-8 · Cited by 2
“Indeed, a research study claimed that the COVID-19 virus could elicit or worsen symptomatology related to prior traumatic experiences (Liu et al., 2020).”
Social Work Management in Integrated Health Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Weng, S. S. (2023) · Human Services Organizations Management Leadership & Governance · doi:10.1080/23303131.2023.2247452 · Cited by 3
“Furthermore, the stressors of the pandemic can exacerbate existing mental health challenges (Liu et al., 2020).”
BackgroundHEBERT, E. P., Jeon, K., Wood, R., Reena, I., Hey, W. T., Hickey, S. E., Noll, K., Peevy, A., Reynolds, J., & Thomas, P. M. (2023) · Pedagogical Research · doi:10.29333/pr/13885 · Cited by 3
“This line of study has examined aspects of mental health (e.g., Batra et al., 2021; Browning et al., 2021; Hoyt et al., 2021; Kecojevic et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Murphy et al., 2020; Reena et al., 2023; Rudenstine et al., 2021), and documented reduced physical activity and sleep quality…”
BackgroundCao, H., Zhang, X., Zhang, X., & Yan, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1278577 · Cited by 2
Bruno, T. C. V., Custódio, I. D. D., de Menezes-Júnior, L. A. A., Meireles, A. L., Neves, A. C. M., Barroso, S. M., & Carraro, J. C. C. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18882-3 · Cited by 4
Sedlašek, E., Krohne, N., Borko, P., Zemljarič, I., Masten, R., Vinko, M., Leo, D. D., & Poštuvan, V. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60060978 · Cited by 2
“Several authors have reported similar findings [7,22,39].”
Cusack, S. E., Hawn, S. E., Goffnett, J., Sheerin, C. M., Rappaport, L. M., & Amstadter, A. B. (2024) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0001704 · Cited by 2
More than convenience: The engagement of university students in research on global and social issues
Murphy, M. A., Zucchetto, J. M., Barber, I., & Annunziato, R. A. (2024) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053241273617 · Cited by 2
“This exposure is related to high levels of anxiety, during a time when young adults are already experiencing elevated distress (Liu et al., 2020), that has remained constant over 1.5 years later.”
InfluentialRiobueno‐Naylor, A., Clay, L., Aubé, B. S. S., & Lai, B. S. (2024) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2024.140 · Cited by 2
Cyniak‐Cieciura, M., Popiel, A., Zawadzki, B., Cremeans‐Smith, J. K., Fruehstorfer, D. B., Bielak, P., Camino, V., Cha, E. J., Cho, Y., Galarregui, M. S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23118 · Cited by 3
Padmanabhanunni, A., & Pretorius, T. B. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1466173 · Cited by 2
Posttraumatic stress and growth in pulmonary patients recovered from COVID-19
Milanowska, J., Maćkiewicz, B., Aftyka, A., Mazurek, P., & Samardakiewicz, M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-88405-6 · Cited by 2
Ovando, P. S. D. C., Estrada, É. R., Hernández, Y. A. Q., Gallegos, M., Galvagno, L. G. G., Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., Vilca, L. W., Martino, P., Cervigni, M., Razumovskiy, A., et al. (2022) · Suma Psicológica · doi:10.14349/sumapsi.2022.v29.n2.2 · Cited by 3
Yavaş, S. P., Baysan, C., Önal, A. E., & Ayvaz, Ö. (2022) · Konuralp Tıp Dergisi · doi:10.18521/ktd.1113580 · Cited by 3
Alshehri, K., Wen, M., Michaud, T. L., Chen, B., Li, H., Qu, J., Chen, L., Li, J., Zhang, D. “., Li, Y., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2023.2221673 · Cited by 2
“…this score, we created a dichotomous variable on psychological distress with a score of 13 or higher indicating serious psychological distress and a score of lower than 13 as having no serious psychological distress (Kessler et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2020; Shi et al., 2022; Williams et al., 2019).”
Baysan, C., Yavaş, S. P., & Önal, A. E. (2021) · Revista de la Facultad de Medicina · doi:10.15446/revfacmed.v69n4.95387 · Cited by 2
Ansiedade e depressão: Transtornos psiquiátricos mais prevalentes na pandemia da COVID-19
Ramos, M. L. C. D. C., Krauss, G. P. D. O., Silveira, L. T., Vieira, M. E. S. V. N. D. C., Soares, M. S. G., de Azevedo, M. R. D., Ramos, M. S. C. D. C., de Oliveira, P. F., Santos, S. O., & Oliveira, H. F. (2021) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v10i15.22509 · Cited by 2
Hương, P. T. T., Wu, C., Lee, M., Hung, W., Chen, I., & Chen, H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063738 · Cited by 2
“5%), which significantly increased the levels of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder [8].”
BackgroundInfluentialGüloğlu, B. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.14744/phd.2021.52386 · Cited by 3
Posttraumatic stress and COVID-19-related stressors: a prospective observational study
Cohen, M. W., & Yagil, D. (2022) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2022.2067983 · Cited by 3
Liberman, J. N., Pesa, J. A., Petrillo, M. P., & Ruetsch, C. R. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04026-7 · Cited by 2
Qian, J., Tong, J. S., & Xu, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.883801 · Cited by 2
Cybervictimisation and Well-Being during the Outbreak of COVID-19: The Mediating Role of Depression
Palermiti, A. L., Bartolo, M. G., Servidio, R. C., & Costabile, A. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10091627 · Cited by 2
The COVID-19 lockdown promotes changes in sleep habits in the Croatian general population
Pecotić, R., Dodig, I. P., Kalcina, L. L., Demirović, S., Madirazza, K., Valić, M., & Đogaš, Z. (2022) · Croatian Medical Journal · doi:10.3325/cmj.2022.63.352 · Cited by 2
Bourion-Bédès, S., Rousseau, H., Batt, M., Tarquinio, P., Lebreuilly, R., Sorsana, C., Legrand, K., Machane, R., Tarquinio, C., & Baumann, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191710999 · Cited by 3
“Previous studies have shown that family support, but not support from friends and partners, was associated with low levels of depression and PTSD during the COVID-19 pandemic [45].”
BackgroundDailey, S. F., Parker, M. M., Emmanuel, A., & Campbell, A. J. (2022) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.44.4.05 · Cited by 3
COVID-19 and Perinatal Stress Experience – a Study Conducted as Part of the COVGEN Initiative
Kentschke, D., Bauer, I., Moser, J., Schleger, F., Hahn, M., Pauluschke‐Fröhlich, J., Jakubowski, P., Abele, H., Preissl, H. T., & Hartkopf, J. (2022) · Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-1909-0451 · Cited by 2
Yöyen, E., Barış, T. G., & Sezer, C. (2023) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5152/pcp.2022.22497 · Cited by 2
Short-Term Mindfulness Intervention on Adolescents’ Negative Emotion under Global Pandemic
Yuan, Y., Zhou, A., Tang, T., Kang, M., Zhao, H., & Wang, Z. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2023.022161 · Cited by 2
Prevalence and risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder in COVID-19
Medina, Ó., Gil, A. O., Arenas-Villamizar, V. V., Ortega, Á., Rojas, M., Chávez-Castillo, M., & Araque-Castellanos, F. (2023) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.128811.1 · Cited by 2
Сарбасова, Г. Ж., KUDAIBERGENOVA, A. M., Madaliyeva, Z., Kassen, G., Sadvakassova, Z., Ramazanova, S. A., & Мухаметалиевна, Р. М. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04712-z · Cited by 2
“Indeed, research shows that during the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents show symptoms of high levels of depression, anxiety, and post - traumatic stress disorder (Liu et al., 2020 ).”
Barbuzza, A. R., Benedetti, P., Goyeneche, C., Reppucci, V., Moscato, F., Butavand, D. R., Katche, C., Medina, J. H., Moncada, D., Viola, H., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neuroeducation · doi:10.1344/joned.v4i1.42396 · Cited by 2
Hirano, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1221333 · Cited by 2
“, 2021) and depression (Liu et al., 2020; Li et al., 2021), while a lack of social support predicts increased negative mental health effects, such as anxiety and depression symptoms (Lai et al.”
BackgroundChoi, H. S., & Na, H. (2023) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20230818-04 · Cited by 2
Living alone is related to depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic
Eggert, L., Schröder, J., & Lotzin, A. (2023) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-023-02118-6 · Cited by 2
“Liu et al. (2020) discovered that only emotional support from family members was associated with decreased depression levels in young adults.”
Ghazali, S. R., Chen, Y. Y., Ling, A. A., Kasnan, N. I. K., Driver, E. S., Mahran, N. N., Faezal, N. F. M., Fikri, F. S. M., & Sabuddin, N. A. M. (2023) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-023-09538-9 · Cited by 3
“Liu et al. (2020) found that 7% of participants in Wuhan, China, experienced PTSD during the COVID-19 outbreak, of whom women were predominantly affected.”
InfluentialLi, J., Luo, J., Wang, M., & Chen, P. (2024) · Journal of the Knowledge Economy · doi:10.1007/s13132-024-02141-2 · Cited by 2
RetractedAliyah, P. N., & Kusdiyati, S. (2021) · Jurnal Riset Psikologi · doi:10.29313/jrp.v1i1.226 · Cited by 30
Gómez-Acosta, A., Muñoz, J. A. C., Vinaccia, S., Barón, W. S., Quiceno, J. M., & Torres, D. M. (2022) · Gaceta Médica de Caracas · doi:10.47307/gmc.2022.130.1.8 · Cited by 2
Study of anxiety and job burnout, and awareness among young anesthetists during COVID‐19 pandemic
Yang, X., & Zuo, Y. (2022) · Ibrain · doi:10.1002/ibra.12063 · Cited by 2
“Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can occur after exposure to an extremely traumatic experience, such as war trauma and an outbreak of infectious disease, and is also an important indicator of mental health during the pandemic.(7,8) The core character of the disorder is the distressing o…”
BackgroundStressors for Youth during COVID-19: A Narrative Review
Field, T. M. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatry Research Reviews & Reports · doi:10.47363/jpsrr/2022(4)135 · Cited by 1
Lau, B. H. P., Chan, C., & Ng, S. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/xn84z · Cited by 1
Blacutt, M. E., Filgueiras, A., & Stults‐Kolehmainen, M. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.09.07.21263246 · Cited by 2
“The same phenomenon occurred in both Germany (Bäuerle et al., 363 2020)and the U.S.A. (Liu et al., 2020) suggesting that, in fact, youth felt more impacted by the 364 COVID-19 pandemic, which lead to worse mental health.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGénéreux, M., Schlüter, P. J., Hung, K. K. C., Shin, W. C., O’Sullivan, T. L., David, M. D., Carignan, M.-È., Blouin-Genest, G., Champagne-Poirier, O., Champagne, É., et al. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3696869 · Cited by 2
Editorial: Highlights in psychopathology: Mental health among young adults
Meneguzzo, P., Passarotti, A. M., & Kaçan, S. D. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1163957 · Cited by 2
“In the past 3 years the Pandemic has had profound effects on youth mental health, with reports of an increase in mood disorder rates, and requests for help with several psychiatric conditions: depression, anxiety, eating disorders and maladaptive behaviors (Konstantopoulou and Raikou, 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Monteleon…”
BackgroundQu, F., & Zhong, L. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105935 · Cited by 1
Miller, R. L., Moran, M. J., Lucas‐Thompson, R. G., Sánchez, N., Seiter, N. S., Rayburn, S. R., VERROS, M. M., Haddock, S. A., Zimmerman, T. S., Johnson, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2086007 · Cited by 1
Reynolds, R. B. (2022) · Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22288-7_18 · Cited by 1
Gudegowda, K. S., George, R., Iswarya, P., & Sobagaiah, R. T. (2023) · Journal of Current Research in Scientific Medicine · doi:10.4103/jcrsm.jcrsm_77_22 · Cited by 1
Perceived Social Support in Parents of Hospitalized Children During COVID-19
Mourdoukouta, D., Polikandrioti, M., Dousis, E., Evangelou, E., Zartaloudi, A., Dafogianni, C., Toulia, G., Pavlatou, N., Tsoulou, V., & Koutelekos, I. G. (2023) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31986-0_29 · Cited by 1
Association of OXTR polymorphism (rs53576) with depression: a meta-analysis
Eid, M., Derevyanchuk, E. G., & Butenko, E. V. (2023) · Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics · doi:10.1186/s43042-023-00454-6 · Cited by 1
“Recently emerging data indicates that the COVID-19 outbreak caused a global significant increase in the prevalence of mental health disorders, including depression and anxiety, due to the governmental implemented measures of self-isolation and social distancing [20, 25].”
BackgroundAceituno, H. (2024) · Gaceta Médica de Caracas · doi:10.47307/gmc.2024.132.s1.14 · Cited by 1
Zhao, Y., Sun, X., Yuan, G. F., Jin, J., & Miao, J. (2024) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2024.02.005 · Cited by 1
Kwon, Y.-S., Park, J., An, E., Jung, S., & Kweon, K. (2024) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2023.0323 · Cited by 1
Meta-Worry, Anxiety, and Depression in the COVID-19 Pandemic (Brazil, March 2020)
Silva-Santos, L. C., Faro, A., Silva, M. C., & Vasconcelos, M. M. (2024) · Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/0102.3772e40201.en · Cited by 3
Emerging Adulthood as a Developmental Stage
Hotez, E., Rava, J. A., & Weinstein, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-54281-7_2 · Cited by 1
Cipriano, A., Cavalera, C., Stabile, M., & Cella, S. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06539-8 · Cited by 2
Erro‐Garcés, A., & Redín, C. I. (2024) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-10-2023-4013 · Cited by 2
Duran, İ., & Altundağ, E. (2024) · Herkes için Spor ve Rekreasyon Dergisi · doi:10.56639/jsar.1541567 · Cited by 1
Zapata, J. P., Tomas, C. W., Timmer‐Murillo, S. C., deRoon‐Cassini, T. A., Larson, C., Torres, L., Brandolino, A. M., Geier, T. J., Khan, H., & Schramm, A. T. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3513 · Cited by 1
“Previous research has shown that feeling isolated post-injury may lead one to feel pessimistic about one's recovery altogether, producing negative mood states and arousal (Liu et al. 2020).”
Fields, C., Rawn, K. P., & Keller, P. S. (2025) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2024.2446438 · Cited by 1
Paw, N. L., Htike, K. M., Nawawonganun, R., & Mahato, R. K. (2025) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2025.200409 · Cited by 2
Chandra, S., Amer, A., Shih, C.-H., Shao, Q., Wang, X., & Xie, H. (2025) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm15040127 · Cited by 1
“Significant pandemic-related increases in depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in diverse populations, e.g., healthcare workers, young adults, and others, have been attributed to pandemic-related stress [3,4].”
Keskin, G., Gümüşsoy, S., & Gümüş, A. B. (2025) · International Emergency Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2025.101646 · Cited by 1
Senger, A. R., Jo, D., Zvolensky, M. J., & Gallagher, M. W. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10644-8 · Cited by 1
“During this time, individuals were faced with numerous stressors, many of which were outside of their control, such as supply shortages and the uncertainty surrounding the virus (Liu et al., 2020; Sauer et al., 2020).”
Li, Z., Zhang, X., & Ren, Y. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07274-5 · Cited by 1
Kuwata, H., Ookoshi, K., Shimazu, K., Fukumitsu, S., & Aida, K. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition · doi:10.3164/jcbn.25-157 · Cited by 1
Schutt, R. K., O’Donoghue, A. L., Hargraves, J. L., & O'Brien, D. T. (2025) · Wellbeing Space and Society · doi:10.1016/j.wss.2025.100302 · Cited by 1
Adapting to Change: The Positive and Negative Academic Outcomes of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Monroe, K., Kole, J. A., & Karlin, N. J. (2025) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-025-00188-x · Cited by 1
“Similarly, Liu et al. (2020) identified emotional resilience as a protective factor against both physical and psychological distress.”
Patterson, C. L., Wilson, J., Herbenick, D., Guerra‐Reyes, L., & Rosenberg, M. S. (2025) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2025.2573110 · Cited by 1
“Given the relevance of physical connection and mental health outcomes, particularly during periods of amplified social isolation, 35,36 future research should examine differences in psychosocial health and wellbeing across various types of sex work involvement.”
COVID-19 Post-Pandemic Adaptation and Resilience: A Cross-Cultural Study of China and Canada
Chen, S.-M., Yan, J., Yang, F., Rebello, C. B., Ignacio, A., Hu, C., & Cupchik, G. C. (2025) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid5110188 · Cited by 1
Adhikari, A., Mishra, N., & Singh, P. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251388624 · Cited by 1
Syrigou, K., Stoforou, M., & Kourtesis, P. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2639665 · Cited by 1
Mental health during COVID-19 through Online Photovoice (OPV) in China
Jiang, Y., Cheng, X., Tanhan, A., Francisco, V. T., Ulus, İ. Ç., Hauber‐Özer, M., & Zou, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1773369 · Cited by 1
Flanders, C. E., Khandpur, S., Anderson, R. E., Robinson, M., & VanKim, N. A. (2026) · Journal of Bisexuality · doi:10.1080/15299716.2026.2676955 · Cited by 1
Restorative benefits of campus window views: Evidence from an orthogonal experiment
Feng, J., Qu, H., Sun, K., & Ma, F. (2026) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.115204 · Cited by 1
Various Facets of Anxiety during the Pandemic in India - Critical Issues
Laijawala, R., Sonavane, S., & Sousa, A. D. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.97797 · Cited by 1
Staser, T. (2021) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · Cited by 1
Will Home Quarantine Eventually Seize us in the Grip of Loneliness; a systematic Review Study
Firoozi, M., & irannejad, E. (2021) · Health Research Journal · doi:10.52547/hrjbaq.6.4.331 · Cited by 1
The Racial Differences in Impact and Knowledge of COVID-19 Among Patients with Psychiatric Illnesses
Jin, J. W., Nishikawa, M., Ho, T., Manohar, R., Sanches, M., Cavalcanti, S., & Wu, H. (2022) · Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews · doi:10.2174/2666082218666220512111146 · Cited by 1
Fatima, T., Suneel, I., Nazim, A., & Majeed, S. (2022) · Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies · doi:10.26710/jbsee.v8i2.2245 · Cited by 1
The Effect of Perceived Social Support on Psychological Well-Being in COVID-19 Patients
Kaynak, S., Ergün, S., Karadaş, A., Karaca, P. P., & Duran, S. (2022) · Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.33880/ejfm.2022110205 · Cited by 3
Saxe, L., Wright, G. W., & Hecht, S. (2022) · Studies of Jews in society · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80872-3_5 · Cited by 1
Johnson, K. F., Hood, K. B., Moreno, O., Fuentes, L., Williams, C. D., Vassileva, J., Amstadter, A. B., Dick, D. M., The Spit for Science Working Group, Dick, D. M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01389-1 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Liu, C. H., Zhang, E., Wong, G. T. F., Hyun, S., & Hahm, H. “.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Cindy H.
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 290
- Pages
- 113172
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7263263
- OpenAlex
- W3030361728
- Cited by
- 1,157
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 130 · 2023: 226 · 2022: 316 · 2021: 300 · 2020: 64
- FWCI
- 90.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, young adults, loneliness, distress tolerance, resilience, social support, family social support, racial and ethnic differences, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Patient Health Questionnaire, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Pneumonia, Viral, Quarantine, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
