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Psychological distress during the COVID-19 lockdown: The young adults most at risk
Open accessAbstract
To control the COVID-19 pandemic, governments have implemented restrictions. This study evaluates psychological distress related to the crisis and identifies predictive factors of anxiety/depression according to age. 2,871 adults were recruited through an online questionnaire during the lockdown. Three subsamples were identified: 18-30; 30-50; > 50 years. The population suffers from anxiety and depression. Young adults adu reported lower levels of living space, occupational activity, social contact and alcohol use, but higher anxiety, depression and uncertainty than older participants. This psychological distress can be explained by lockdown conditions (differently according to age) and by intolerance to uncertainty. Also, youth's alcohol intake has decreased. Deconfinement strategies have been discussed.
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“Previous studies (Beam and Kim, 2020; Glowacz and Schmits, 2020; Houghton et al., 2022) point out that young adults, particularly those between the ages of 18 and 30, have been the group to experience the greatest negative effects during the pandemic”
From Social connections combat loneliness and promote wellbeing among college students coming out of the COVID-19 pandemic (2025) · cites this paper as Glowacz and Schmits, 2020
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“several studies showed that young adults were the most at risk of psychological distress in different countries such as India, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Iran, and Belgium (e.g., [13,16,30,31]).”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
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“intolerance to uncertainty is a significant predictor of anxiety and depression [15,16] and, more generally, of negative emotions [8].”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
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“The COVID-19 pandemic, which is an acute global challenge and has been shown to have a major impact on psychological stress levels, e.g., [10,11], also highlights the need for mental health treatments.”
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“The aforementioned negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic could be partly explained by the uncertainty inherent to the health situation (e.g., course of the pandemic and length of the disease) [15,16].”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
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“as reminded by Glowacz and Schmits (2020) [16], groups that are different by their age should be comprehended differently.”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
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“As the influence of age on psychological reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic has been demonstrated (e.g., [16,34]), our study offers a comparison of generations.”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Glowacz, F., & Schmits, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Liège (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Glowacz, F.
- ORCID
- Glowacz, F.
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-11
- Volume
- 293
- Pages
- 113486
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7518205
- OpenAlex
- W3088359950
- Cited by
- 280
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 77
- FWCI
- 20.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Keywords
- COVID-19 lockdown, psychological distress, anxiety, depression, young adults, age differences, intolerance of uncertainty, alcohol consumption, social contact, living space, occupational activity, deconfinement, predictive factors
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Psychological Distress, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Quarantine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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