Cited by 483Stress Responses and CortisolCognitive Abilities and TestingNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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Psychosocial stress induces working memory impairments in an n-back paradigm.

Schoofs, Daniela, Preuß, Diana, Wolf, Oliver T.·2008·Psychoneuroendocrinology

DOI 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.02.004

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Abstract

In contrast to the substantial number of studies investigating the effects of stress on declarative memory, effects of stress on working memory have received less attention. We compared working memory (numerical n-back task with single digits) in 40 men exposed either to psychosocial stress (Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)) or a control condition. Task difficulty was varied using two conditions (2-back vs. 3-back). Salivary cortisol (as a marker of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity) and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA as a marker of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity) were assessed immediately before and three times after the stress or control condition. As expected stress resulted in an increase in cortisol, sAA, and negative affect. Subjects exposed to stress showed significant working memory impairments in both workload conditions. The analysis of variance indicated a main effect of stress for reaction time as well as accuracy. In addition, for reaction time a stress-block interaction occurred. Follow up tests revealed that only during the first block at each level of difficulty performance was significantly impaired by stress. Thus, the effects of stress became smaller the longer the task was performed. Results provide further evidence for impaired working memory after acute stress and illustrate the time course of this phenomenon.

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Background
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Self-citation
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“2010) and working memory (Oei et al. 2006; Luethi et al. 2008; Schoofs et al. 2008; Schoofs et al. 2009) might prevail, while in the latter condition, the beneficial effects on consolidation can unfold (Roozendaal et al.”
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“We used the 3-back task (Schoofs, Preuß, Wolf, 2008) in order to measure working memory.”
Method
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“These findings were in accordance with previous studies [9,10,36].”
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Induced negative arousal modulates the speed of visual working memory consolidation.
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“This is because these findings may be attributed to the detrimental effects of negative arousal on control-related processes (e.g., Choi et al., 2013; Eysenck et al., 2007; Schoofs et al., 2008; Shackman et al., 2006).”
Background
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“The participant’s mental state can affect his/her physiological (Conway et al., 2013; Do et al., 2021), behavioral (Schoofs et al., 2008), and mental (Jimmieson et al., 2017; Hidalgo-Muñoz et al., 2018) responses to cognitive demand, so incorporating the baseline mental state when interpreting…”
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Financial scarcity and cognitive performance: A meta-analysis
de Almeida, F., Scott, I. J., Soro, J. C., Fernandes, D. V. D. H., Amaral, A. R., Catarino, M. M. R. S., Arêde, A., & Ferreira, M. B. (2024) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2024.102702 · Cited by 38
“Indeed, just like there is plenty of evidence that stress impairs working memory (Oei et al., 2006; Schoofs et al., 2008; for a review see LeBlanc, 2009), stress effects have been shown to impair declarative memory (Lupien et al., 2007; Roozendaal et al., 2006; Wolf, 2006, 2008) and procedural…”
Background
Do people realize how their partners make them feel? Relationship enhancement motives and stress determine the link between implicitly assessed partner attitudes and relationship satisfaction.
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“With a focus on cognitive functioning, stress hijacks active cognition by impairing working memory (Schoofs et al., 2008, 2009; Luethi et al., 2009; Qin et al., 2009), cognitive flexibility (Plessow et al., 2011, 2012; Shields et al., 2016b) and cognitive inhibition (Mahoney et al., 2007; Sänger et…”
Background
Working Memory Alterations After a Romantic Relationship Breakup
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“Increased threat (as indexed by increased HPA axis activation) is associated with impaired performance on working memory tasks (e.g., Schoofs, Preub, & Wolf, 2008 ).”
Background
Developmental pathways to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and disruptive behavior disorders: Investigating the impact of the stress response on executive functioning
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“Note that we did not control for menstrualcycle phase, because previous studies did not find an effect of menstrual-cycle phase [40] or found reliable and comparable stress reactivity in female compared to male participants when not controlling for this factor [21,41].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Working memory performance and cognitive flexibility after dexamethasone or hydrocortisone administration in healthy volunteers
Wingenfeld, K., Wolf, S. A., Krieg, J.-C., & Lautenbacher, S. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2286-4 · Cited by 24
“…after psychosocial stress, those studies, in which a more complex cognitive task was used, found an impaired WM performance, while no effects were found by easier tasks, e.g., digit span task (Kuhlmann et al. 2005b; Luethi et al. 2009; Oei et al. 2006; Schoofs et al. 2008; Smeets et al. 2006).”
MethodResultInfluential
The effects of emotion on working memory: Valence versus motivation
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社会支持缓解高互依自我个体的急性心理应激反应
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Stress and resident interdisciplinary team performance: Results of a pilot trauma simulation program
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Authors: Schoofs, D., Preuß, D., & Wolf, O. T.
Affiliations: Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
Corresponding author: Wolf, Oliver T.
ORCID: Wolf, Oliver T.
Venue: Psychoneuroendocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-06
Volume: 33
Issue: 5
Pages: 643-653
ISSN: 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.02.004
OpenAlex: W2106673407
Semantic Scholar: 87cef5ba5bb29154704cb81de2376ff5360b6a6f
Cited by: 483
References: 93
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 11.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Universität Bielefeld
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: psychosocial stress, working memory, n-back task, Trier Social Stress Test, salivary cortisol, salivary amylase, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, sympathetic nervous system, negative affect, acute stress, task difficulty, reaction time, cognitive performance
MeSH terms: Adult, Affect, alpha-Amylases, Analysis of Variance, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Memory, Memory Disorders, Reaction Time, Saliva, Stress, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors

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Psychosocial stress induces working memory impairments in an n-back paradigm.

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